AbstractAcromegaly is a rare endocrine disease caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone, most commonly arising due to a pituitary adenoma. Diabetes mellitus is a common complication of acromegaly, occurring in approximately one-third of patients. The risk of diabetes mellitus in acromegaly is driven by increased exposure to growth hormone, which directly attenuates insulin signalling and stimulates lipolysis, leading to decreased glucose uptake in peripheral tissues.

摘要肢端肥大症是一种罕见的内分泌疾病，由生长激素分泌过多引起，最常见于垂体腺瘤。糖尿病是肢端肥大症的常见并发症，约有三分之一的患者发生糖尿病。肢端肥大症患糖尿病的风险是由生长激素暴露增加引起的，生长激素直接减弱胰岛素信号传导并刺激脂解，导致外周组织葡萄糖摄取减少。

Acromegaly is a unique human model, where insulin resistance occurs independently of obesity and is paradoxically associated with a lean phenotype and reduced body adipose tissue mass. Diabetes mellitus in patients with acromegaly is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

肢端肥大症是一种独特的人类模型，胰岛素抵抗独立于肥胖而发生，并且与瘦表型和身体脂肪组织质量减少相矛盾。肢端肥大症患者的糖尿病与心血管疾病发病率和死亡率的风险增加有关。

Therefore, preventive measures and optimized treatment of diabetes mellitus are essential in these patients. However, specific recommendations for the management of diabetes mellitus secondary to acromegaly are lacking due to limited research on this subject. This Review explores the underlying mechanisms for diabetes mellitus in acromegaly and its effect on morbidity and mortality.

因此，预防措施和优化糖尿病治疗对这些患者至关重要。然而，由于对这一主题的研究有限，因此缺乏对继发于肢端肥大症的糖尿病管理的具体建议。这篇综述探讨了肢端肥大症糖尿病的潜在机制及其对发病率和死亡率的影响。

We also discuss treatment modalities for diabetes mellitus that are suited for patients with acromegaly. Improved understanding of these issues will lead to better management of acromegaly and its associated metabolic complications.Key points.

我们还讨论了适合肢端肥大症患者的糖尿病治疗方式。对这些问题的更好理解将导致更好地管理肢端肥大症及其相关的代谢并发症。关键点。

Diabetes mellitus is a common complication of acromegaly, occurring in approximately 30% of patients.

糖尿病是肢端肥大症的常见并发症，约30%的患者发生糖尿病。

Diabetes mellitus has an important effect on outcomes in acromegaly; patients with acromegaly and associated diabetes mellitus have 60% higher overall mortality and a twofold higher cardiovascular mortality than those without diabetes mellitus.

糖尿病对肢端肥大症的预后有重要影响；肢端肥大症和相关糖尿病患者的总死亡率比无糖尿病患者高60%，心血管死亡率高两倍。

Measures aimed at preventing diabetes mellitus and optimizing its treatment are of crucial importance for reducing cardiovascular risks and possibly improving long-term outcomes in patients with acromegaly.

旨在预防糖尿病和优化其治疗的措施对于降低心血管风险并可能改善肢端肥大症患者的长期预后至关重要。

In managing patients with acromegaly and associated diabetes mellitus, a multimodal personalized approach is needed to achieve biochemical, tumour, symptom and metabolic control, ultimately preventing comorbidities.

在管理肢端肥大症和相关糖尿病患者时，需要采用多模式个性化方法来实现生化，肿瘤，症状和代谢控制，最终预防合并症。

Data on management of acromegaly-related diabetes mellitus are limited; treatment options with a favourable effect on acromegaly-related complications are preferred.

肢端肥大症相关糖尿病的管理数据有限；首选对肢端肥大症相关并发症有良好影响的治疗方案。

Access through your institution

通过您的机构访问

Buy or subscribe

购买或订阅

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

这是订阅内容的预览，可通过您的机构访问

Access options

访问选项

Access through your institution

通过您的机构访问

Access through your institution

通过您的机构访问

Change institution

变革机构

Buy or subscribe

购买或订阅

Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journalsGet Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription24,99 € / 30 dayscancel any timeLearn moreSubscription info for Chinese customersWe have a dedicated website for our Chinese customers. Please go to naturechina.com to subscribe to this journal.Go to naturechina.comBuy this articlePurchase on Springer LinkInstant access to full article PDFBuy nowPrices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout.

Access Nature和54篇其他Nature Portfolio journalsGet Nature+，我们最有价值的在线订阅24,99欧元/30天，随时为中国客户获取更多订阅信息我们为中国客户提供了一个专门的网站。请访问naturechina.com订阅本期刊。前往naturechina.comBuy本文在Springer Link上购买即时访问完整文章PDFBuy Now价格可能需要缴纳结帐时计算的地方税。

Additional access options:

其他访问选项：

Log in

登录

Learn about institutional subscriptions

了解机构订阅

Read our FAQs

阅读我们的常见问题

Contact customer support

联系客户支持

Fig. 1: Signalling pathways affected by GH in human adipocytes and muscle cells.Fig. 2: Mortality in patients with acromegaly with and without associated diabetes mellitus.Fig. 3: A holistic person-centred approach to management of acromegaly-related diabetes mellitus.

图1：人脂肪细胞和肌肉细胞中受GH影响的信号通路。图2：伴有和不伴有糖尿病的肢端肥大症患者的死亡率。图3：以人为中心的整体方法来管理肢端肥大症相关的糖尿病。

ReferencesFleseriu, M., Langlois, F., Lim, D. S. T., Varlamov, E. V. & Melmed, S. Acromegaly: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10, 804–826 (2022).Article

参考文献Fleseriu，M.，Langlois，F.，Lim，D.S.T.，Varlamov，E.V。＆Melmed，S.肢端肥大症：发病机制，诊断和管理。柳叶刀糖尿病内分泌。10804-826（2022）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Colao, A. et al. Acromegaly. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 5, 20 (2019).Article

Colao，A.等。肢端肥大症。Nat.Rev.Dis。一本正经的5.20 (2019).文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Gadelha, M. R., Kasuki, L., Lim, D. S. T. & Fleseriu, M. Systemic complications of acromegaly and the impact of the current treatment landscape: an update. Endocr. Rev. 40, 268–332 (2019).Article

Gadelha，M.R.，Kasuki，L.，Lim，D.S.T.＆Fleseriu，M。肢端肥大症的全身并发症和当前治疗格局的影响：更新。内分泌。修订版40268–332（2019）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Pivonello, R. et al. Complications of acromegaly: cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic comorbidities. Pituitary 20, 46–62 (2017).Article

Pivonello，R。等。肢端肥大症的并发症：心血管，呼吸和代谢合并症。垂体20,46-62（2017）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Esposito, D. et al. Effect of diabetes on morbidity and mortality in patients with acromegaly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 107, 2483–2492 (2022).Article

Esposito，D。等人。糖尿病对肢端肥大症患者发病率和死亡率的影响。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。1072483-2492（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Moller, N. & Jorgensen, J. O. Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. Endocr. Rev. 30, 152–177 (2009).Article

Moller，N。＆Jorgensen，J.O。生长激素对人类受试者葡萄糖，脂质和蛋白质代谢的影响。内分泌。第30152-177版（2009年）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Freda, P. U. et al. Lower visceral and subcutaneous but higher intermuscular adipose tissue depots in patients with growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I excess due to acromegaly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 2334–2343 (2008).Article

Freda，P.U.等人。肢端肥大症导致生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子I过量的患者内脏和皮下脂肪组织贮库较低，但肌间脂肪组织贮库较高。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。932334-2343（2008）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Moller, N. et al. Basal- and insulin-stimulated substrate metabolism in patients with active acromegaly before and after adenomectomy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74, 1012–1019 (1992).CAS

Moller，N。等人。腺癌切除术前后活动性肢端肥大症患者的基础和胰岛素刺激底物代谢。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。741012-1019（1992）。中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Nielsen, S., Moller, N., Christiansen, J. S. & Jorgensen, J. O. Pharmacological antilipolysis restores insulin sensitivity during growth hormone exposure. Diabetes 50, 2301–2308 (2001).Article

Nielsen，S.，Moller，N.，Christiansen，J.S。＆Jorgensen，J.O。药理学抗脂分解在生长激素暴露期间恢复胰岛素敏感性。糖尿病52301-2308（2001）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Hjelholt, A. J. et al. Insulin resistance induced by growth hormone is linked to lipolysis and associated with suppressed pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle: a 2 x 2 factorial, randomised, crossover study in human individuals. Diabetologia 63, 2641–2653 (2020).Article .

Hjelholt，A.J.等人。生长激素诱导的胰岛素抵抗与脂解有关，并与骨骼肌中丙酮酸脱氢酶活性的抑制有关：一项针对人类个体的2 x 2因子随机交叉研究。糖尿病学632641-2653（2020）。文章。

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Zierler, K. L. & Rabinowitz, D. Roles of insulin and growth hormone, based on studies of forearm metabolism in man. Medicine 42, 385–402 (1963).Article

Zierler，K.L.&Rabinowitz，D.《基于人体前臂代谢研究的胰岛素和生长激素的作用》，《医学》42385-402（1963）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Roden, M. et al. Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 2859–2865 (1996).Article

Roden，M.等人。人体游离脂肪酸诱导胰岛素抵抗的机制。J、 临床。投资。972859-2865（1996）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Randle, P. J., Garland, P. B., Hales, C. N. & Newsholme, E. A. The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1, 785–789 (1963).Article

Randle，P.J.，Garland，P.B.，Hales，C.N。和Newsholme，E.A。葡萄糖-脂肪酸循环。它在胰岛素敏感性和糖尿病代谢紊乱中的作用。《柳叶刀》1785-789（1963）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Nellemann, B. et al. Growth hormone-induced insulin resistance in human subjects involves reduced pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Acta Physiol. 210, 392–402 (2014).Article

Nellemann，B。等人。人类受试者中生长激素诱导的胰岛素抵抗涉及丙酮酸脱氢酶活性降低。生理学报。210392-402（2014）。文章

CAS

中科院

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

del Rincon, J. P. et al. Growth hormone regulation of p85α expression and phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity in adipose tissue: mechanism for growth hormone-mediated insulin resistance. Diabetes 56, 1638–1646 (2007).Article

del Rincon，J.P.等人，《生长激素对脂肪组织中p85α表达和磷酸肌醇3-激酶活性的调节：生长激素介导的胰岛素抵抗的机制》。糖尿病561638-1646（2007）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Barbour, L. A. et al. Increased P85α is a potent negative regulator of skeletal muscle insulin signaling and induces in vivo insulin resistance associated with growth hormone excess. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 37489–37494 (2005).Article

Barbour，L.A。等人增加的P85α是骨骼肌胰岛素信号传导的有效负调节剂，并诱导与生长激素过量相关的体内胰岛素抵抗。J、 生物。化学。28037489-37494（2005）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Nielsen, C. et al. Growth hormone signaling in vivo in human muscle and adipose tissue: impact of insulin, substrate background, and growth hormone receptor blockade. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 2842–2850 (2008).Article

Nielsen，C.等人，《人体肌肉和脂肪组织体内生长激素信号传导：胰岛素、底物背景和生长激素受体阻断的影响》。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。932842-2850（2008）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Jessen, N. et al. Evidence against a role for insulin-signaling proteins PI 3-kinase and Akt in insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle induced by short-term GH infusion. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288, E194–199 (2005).Article

Jessen，N.等人。胰岛素信号蛋白PI 3-激酶和Akt在短期GH输注诱导的人骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗中作用的证据。Am.J.Physiol。内分泌。代谢。288，E194-199（2005）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Arlien-Soborg, M. C. et al. Reversible insulin resistance in muscle and fat unrelated to the metabolic syndrome in patients with acromegaly. EBioMedicine 75, 103763 (2022).Article

Arlien Soborg，M.C.等人。肢端肥大症患者与代谢综合征无关的肌肉和脂肪可逆性胰岛素抵抗。EBioMedicine 75103763（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Chen, J. W. et al. A highly sensitive and specific assay for determination of IGF-I bioactivity in human serum. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 284, E1149–1155 (2003).Article

Chen，J.W.等人。一种用于测定人血清中IGF-I生物活性的高灵敏度和特异性测定法。Am.J.Physiol。内分泌。代谢。284，E1149–1155（2003）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Vila, G., Jorgensen, J. O. L., Luger, A. & Stalla, G. K. Insulin resistance in patients with acromegaly. Front. Endocrinol. 10, 509 (2019).Article

Vila，G.，Jorgensen，J.O.L.，Luger，A。＆Stalla，G.K。肢端肥大症患者的胰岛素抵抗。正面。内分泌。10509（2019）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Alexopoulou, O. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus at diagnosis of acromegaly: a study in 148 patients. Pituitary 17, 81–89 (2014).Article

Alexopoulou，O.等。148例肢端肥大症患者糖耐量受损和糖尿病的患病率和危险因素：一项研究。垂体17,81-89（2014）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Dal, J. et al. Acromegaly incidence, prevalence, complications and long-term prognosis: a nationwide cohort study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 175, 181–190 (2016).Article

Dal，J.等人，《肢端肥大症的发病率、患病率、并发症和长期预后：一项全国性队列研究》。Eur.J.Endocrinol。175181-190（2016）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Petrossians, P. et al. Acromegaly at diagnosis in 3173 patients from the Liege Acromegaly Survey (LAS) Database. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 24, 505–518 (2017).Article

Petrossians，P.等人，《列日肢端肥大症调查（LAS）数据库中3173例肢端肥大症患者的诊断》。内分泌。相关。癌症24505-518（2017）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Slagboom, T. N. A., van Bunderen, C. C., De Vries, R., Bisschop, P. H. & Drent, M. L. Prevalence of clinical signs, symptoms and comorbidities at diagnosis of acromegaly: a systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Pituitary 26, 319–332 (2023).Article

Slagboom，T.N.A.，van Bunderen，C.C.，De Vries，R.，Bisschop，P.H。＆Drent，M.L。肢端肥大症诊断时临床体征，症状和合并症的患病率：根据PRISMA指南进行的系统评价。垂体26319-332（2023）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

González, B., Vargas, G., de Los Monteros, A. L. E., Mendoza, V. & Mercado, M. Persistence of diabetes and hypertension after multimodal treatment of acromegaly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 103, 2369–2375 (2018).Article

González，B.，Vargas，G.，de Los Monteros，A.L.E.，Mendoza，V。＆Mercado，M。肢端肥大症多模式治疗后糖尿病和高血压的持续存在。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。1032369-2375（2018）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Esposito, D., Ragnarsson, O., Johannsson, G. & Olsson, D. S. Prolonged diagnostic delay in acromegaly is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 182, 523–531 (2020).Article

Esposito，D.，Ragnarsson，O.，Johannsson，G.＆Olsson，D.S。肢端肥大症的诊断延迟延长与发病率和死亡率增加有关。Eur.J.Endocrinol。182523-531（2020）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Lenders, N. F., McCormack, A. I. & Ho, K. K. Y. Management of endocrine disease: does gender matter in the management of acromegaly? Eur. J. Endocrinol. 182, R67–R82 (2020).Article

Lenders，N.F.，McCormack，A.I.＆Ho，K.K.Y.内分泌疾病的管理：性别在肢端肥大症的管理中是否重要？Eur.J.Endocrinol。182，R67–R82（2020）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Holdaway, I. M., Bolland, M. J. & Gamble, G. D. A meta-analysis of the effect of lowering serum levels of GH and IGF-I on mortality in acromegaly. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 159, 89–95 (2008).Article

Holdaway，I.M.，Bolland，M.J。＆Gamble，G.D。降低血清GH和IGF-I水平对肢端肥大症死亡率影响的荟萃分析。Eur.J.Endocrinol。159，89-95（2008）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Esposito, D. et al. Decreasing mortality and changes in treatment patterns in patients with acromegaly from a nationwide study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 178, 459–469 (2018).Article

Esposito，D.等人。一项全国性研究显示，肢端肥大症患者死亡率降低，治疗方式改变。Eur.J.Endocrinol。178459-469（2018）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Arnardottir, S. et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with acromegaly: a report from the Swedish Pituitary Register. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 186, 329–339 (2022).Article

Arnardottir，S.等人。肢端肥大症患者的长期预后：来自瑞典垂体登记处的报告。Eur.J.Endocrinol。186329-339（2022）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Bolfi, F., Neves, A. F., Boguszewski, C. L. & Nunes-Nogueira, V. S. Mortality in acromegaly decreased in the last decade: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 179, 59–71 (2018).Article

Bolfi，F.，Neves，A.F.，Boguszewski，C.L。和Nunes-Nogueira，V.S。肢端肥大症的死亡率在过去十年中有所下降：系统评价和荟萃分析。Eur.J.Endocrinol。179,59-71（2018）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Katznelson, L. et al. Acromegaly: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 3933–3951 (2014).Article

Katznelson，L.等人，《肢端肥大症：内分泌学会临床实践指南》。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。993933-3951（2014）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Fleseriu, M. et al. A pituitary society update to acromegaly management guidelines. Pituitary 24, 1–13 (2021).Article

Fleseriu，M.等人，《垂体学会肢端肥大症管理指南更新》。垂体24,1-13（2021）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Cozzolino, A. et al. Metabolic complications in acromegaly after neurosurgery: a meta-analysis. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 183, 597–606 (2020).Article

Cozzolino，A。等人。神经外科手术后肢端肥大症的代谢并发症：荟萃分析。Eur.J.Endocrinol。183597-606（2020）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Biagetti, B., Aulinas, A., Casteras, A., Perez-Hoyos, S. & Simo, R. HOMA-IR in acromegaly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pituitary 24, 146–158 (2021).Article

Biagetti，B.，Aulinas，A.，Casteras，A.，Perez-Hoyos，S。＆Simo，R。HOMA-IR在肢端肥大症中的应用：系统评价和荟萃分析。垂体24146-158（2021）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kinoshita, Y. et al. Impaired glucose metabolism in Japanese patients with acromegaly is restored after successful pituitary surgery if pancreatic β-cell function is preserved. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 164, 467–473 (2011).Article

Kinoshita，Y.等人。如果保留胰腺β细胞功能，日本肢端肥大症患者的葡萄糖代谢受损在垂体手术成功后得以恢复。Eur.J.Endocrinol。164467-473（2011）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Frara, S., Maffezzoni, F., Mazziotti, G. & Giustina, A. Current and emerging aspects of diabetes mellitus in acromegaly. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 27, 470–483 (2016).Article

Frara，S.，Maffezzoni，F.，Mazziotti，G。＆Giustina，A。肢端肥大症糖尿病的当前和新兴方面。趋势内分泌。代谢。27470–483（2016）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Hannon, A. M., Thompson, C. J. & Sherlock, M. Diabetes in patients with acromegaly. Curr. Diab Rep. 17, 8 (2017).Article

Hannon，A.M.，Thompson，C.J。和Sherlock，M。肢端肥大症患者的糖尿病。货币。《糖尿病报告》17、8（2017）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

He, W. et al. Surgical outcomes and predictors of glucose metabolism alterations for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas: a hospital-based study of 151 cases. Endocrine 63, 27–35 (2019).Article

He，W.等人。生长激素分泌型垂体腺瘤的手术结果和糖代谢改变的预测因素：151例医院研究。内分泌63,27-35（2019）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Gatto, F. et al. Biological and biochemical basis of the differential efficacy of first and second generation somatostatin receptor ligands in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 3940 (2019).Article

第一代和第二代生长抑素受体配体在神经内分泌肿瘤中不同功效的生物学和生化基础。Int.J.Mol.Sci。203940（2019）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kumar, U. et al. Subtype-selective expression of the five somatostatin receptors (hSSTR1-5) in human pancreatic islet cells: a quantitative double-label immunohistochemical analysis. Diabetes 48, 77–85 (1999).Article

Kumar，U。等人。人胰岛细胞中五种生长抑素受体（hSSTR1-5）的亚型选择性表达：定量双标记免疫组织化学分析。糖尿病48,77-85（1999）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Jorgensen, N. T. et al. Glucose metabolism, gut-brain hormones, and acromegaly treatment: an explorative single centre descriptive analysis. Pituitary 26, 152–163 (2023).Article

Jorgensen，N.T.等人，《葡萄糖代谢、肠脑激素和肢端肥大症治疗：探索性单中心描述性分析》。垂体26152-163（2023）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Colao, A. et al. Glucose tolerance and somatostatin analog treatment in acromegaly: a 12-month study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 2907–2914 (2009).Article

Colao，A.等人，《肢端肥大症的葡萄糖耐量和生长抑素类似物治疗：一项为期12个月的研究》。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。942907-2914（2009）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Colao, A. et al. Impact of somatostatin analogs versus surgery on glucose metabolism in acromegaly: results of a 5-year observational, open, prospective study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 528–537 (2009).Article

Colao，A.等人，《生长抑素类似物与手术对肢端肥大症葡萄糖代谢的影响：一项为期5年的观察性、开放性、前瞻性研究的结果》。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。94528-537（2009）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Colao, A., Auriemma, R. S., Galdiero, M., Lombardi, G. & Pivonello, R. Effects of initial therapy for five years with somatostatin analogs for acromegaly on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I levels, tumor shrinkage, and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study. J. Clin.

Colao，A.，Auriemma，R.S.，Galdiero，M.，Lombardi，G。＆Pivonello，R。生长抑素类似物治疗肢端肥大症五年初始治疗对生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子-I水平，肿瘤缩小和心血管疾病的影响：一项前瞻性研究。J、 临床。

Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 3746–3756 (2009).Article .

内分泌。代谢。943746-3756（2009）。文章。

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Cambuli, V. M. et al. Glycometabolic control in acromegalic patients with diabetes: a study of the effects of different treatments for growth hormone excess and for hyperglycemia. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 35, 154–159 (2012).CAS

Cambuli，V.M.等人，《糖尿病肢端肥大症患者的糖代谢控制：不同治疗方法对生长激素过量和高血糖的影响研究》。J、 内分泌。投资。35154-159（2012）。中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Mazziotti, G. et al. Effects of somatostatin analogs on glucose homeostasis: a metaanalysis of acromegaly studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 1500–1508 (2009).Article

Mazziotti，G。等。生长抑素类似物对葡萄糖稳态的影响：肢端肥大症研究的荟萃分析。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。941500–1508（2009）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Caron, P. J. et al. Glucose and lipid levels with lanreotide autogel 120 mg in treatment-naive patients with acromegaly: data from the PRIMARYS study. Clin. Endocrinol. 86, 541–551 (2017).Article

Caron，P.J.等人。未接受过肢端肥大症治疗的患者服用120 mg兰瑞肽自动凝胶后的血糖和血脂水平：来自PRIMARYS研究的数据。临床。内分泌。86541-551（2017）。文章

CAS

中科院

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Cozzolino, A. et al. Somatostatin analogs and glucose metabolism in acromegaly: a meta-analysis of prospective interventional studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02566 (2018).Article

Cozzolino，A。等。生长抑素类似物与肢端肥大症的葡萄糖代谢：前瞻性介入研究的荟萃分析。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02566（2018年）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Gatto, F. et al. Cell specific interaction of pasireotide: review of preclinical studies in somatotroph and corticotroph pituitary cells. Pituitary 22, 89–99 (2019).Article

Gatto，F。等人。帕瑞肽的细胞特异性相互作用：生长激素和促肾上腺皮质激素垂体细胞的临床前研究综述。垂体22,89-99（2019）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Colao, A. et al. Pasireotide versus octreotide in acromegaly: a head-to-head superiority study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 791–799 (2014).Article

Colao，A.等人，《帕瑞肽与奥曲肽治疗肢端肥大症：头对头优势研究》。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。99791-799（2014）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Gadelha, M. R. et al. Pasireotide versus continued treatment with octreotide or lanreotide in patients with inadequately controlled acromegaly (PAOLA): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2, 875–884 (2014).Article

Gadelha，M.R.等人，帕瑞肽与奥曲肽或兰瑞肽持续治疗肢端肥大症（PAOLA）控制不佳患者的对比：一项随机的3期临床试验。柳叶刀糖尿病内分泌。2875-884（2014）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Henry, R. R. et al. Hyperglycemia associated with pasireotide: results from a mechanistic study in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98, 3446–3453 (2013).Article

Henry，R。R。等人。帕瑞肽相关的高血糖症：健康志愿者的机制研究结果。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。983446-3453（2013）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Moustaki, M. et al. Secondary diabetes mellitus in acromegaly. Endocrine 81, 1–15 (2023).Article

Moustaki，M.等。肢端肥大症继发性糖尿病。内分泌81,1-15（2023）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Shimon, I. et al. Efficacy and safety of long-acting pasireotide in patients with somatostatin-resistant acromegaly: a multicenter study. Endocrine 62, 448–455 (2018).Article

Shimon，I.等人。长效帕瑞肽治疗生长抑素耐药肢端肥大症患者的疗效和安全性：一项多中心研究。内分泌62448-455（2018）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Lasolle, H. et al. Pasireotide-LAR in acromegaly patients treated with a combination therapy: a real-life study. Endocr. Connect. 8, 1383–1394 (2019).Article

Lasolle，H.等人，《联合治疗肢端肥大症患者的帕瑞肽LAR：一项现实研究》。内分泌。连接。81383-1394（2019）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Stelmachowska-Banas, M., Czajka-Oraniec, I., Tomasik, A. & Zgliczynski, W. Real-world experience with pasireotide-LAR in resistant acromegaly: a single center 1-year observation. Pituitary 25, 180–190 (2022).Article

Stelmachowska-Banas，M.，Czajka-Oraniec，I.，Tomasik，A。＆Zgliczynski，W。帕瑞肽LAR治疗耐药性肢端肥大症的现实世界经验：单中心1年观察。垂体25180-190（2022）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Akirov, A. et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of long-acting pasireotide in acromegaly. Endocrine 74, 396–403 (2021).Article

Akirov，A。等人。长效帕瑞肽治疗肢端肥大症的长期安全性和有效性。内分泌74396-403（2021）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Witek, P. et al. The effect of 6 months’ treatment with pasireotide lar on glucose metabolism in patients with resistant acromegaly in real-world clinical settings. Front. Endocrinol. 12, 633944 (2021).Article

Witek，P。等人。在现实世界的临床环境中，帕瑞肽lar治疗6个月对耐药性肢端肥大症患者糖代谢的影响。正面。内分泌。12633944（2021年）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Gadelha, M. et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of pasireotide in patients with acromegaly: 14 years of single-center real-world experience. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 108, e1571–e1579 (2023).Article

Gadelha，M.等人。帕瑞肽治疗肢端肥大症的长期疗效和安全性：14年的单中心现实经验。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。108，e1571–e1579（2023）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Gadelha, M. R. et al. Risk factors and management of pasireotide-associated hyperglycemia in acromegaly. Endocr. Connect. 9, 1178–1190 (2020).Article

Gadelha，M.R.等人。肢端肥大症帕瑞肽相关高血糖的危险因素和管理。内分泌。连接。91178-1190（2020）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Wolf, P. et al. Impairment in insulin secretion without changes in insulin resistance explains hyperglycemia in patients with acromegaly treated with pasireotide LAR. Endocr. Connect. 11, e220296 (2022).Article

Wolf，P。等人。胰岛素分泌受损而胰岛素抵抗没有改变，这解释了用帕瑞肽LAR治疗的肢端肥大症患者的高血糖症。内分泌。连接。11，e220296（2022）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Melmed, S. et al. A consensus statement on acromegaly therapeutic outcomes. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 14, 552–561 (2018).Article

Melmed，S.等人关于肢端肥大症治疗结果的共识声明。《国家内分泌杂志》。14552-561（2018）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Wass, J. A. et al. Long-term treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptine. Br. Med. J. 1, 875–878 (1977).Article

Wass，J.A.等人。用溴隐亭长期治疗肢端肥大症。《医学杂志》1875-878（1977）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Wass, J. A., Cudworth, A. G., Bottazzo, G. F., Woodrow, J. C. & Besser, G. M. An assessment of glucose intolerance in acromegaly and its response to medical treatment. Clin. Endocrinol. 12, 53–59 (1980).Article

Wass，J.A.，Cudworth，A.G.，Bottazzo，G.F.，Woodrow，J.C。＆Besser，G.M。肢端肥大症葡萄糖耐受不良及其对药物治疗反应的评估。临床。内分泌。12，53-59（1980）。文章

CAS

中科院

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Feek, C. M., Bevan, J. S., Taylor, S., Brown, N. S. & Baird, J. D. The effect of bromocriptine on insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in patients with acromegaly. Clin. Endocrinol. 15, 473–478 (1981).Article

Feek，C.M.，Bevan，J.S.，Taylor，S.，Brown，N.S。＆Baird，J.D。溴隐亭对肢端肥大症患者胰岛素分泌和葡萄糖耐量的影响。临床。内分泌。15473-478（1981）。文章

CAS

中科院

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Chiba, T. et al. Effect of long term bromocriptine treatment on glucose intolerance in acromegaly. Horm. Metab. Res. 14, 57–61 (1982).Article

Chiba，T。等人。长期溴隐亭治疗对肢端肥大症葡萄糖耐受不良的影响。霍姆。代谢。第14、57-61号决议（1982年）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Rau, H., Althoff, P. H., Schmidt, K., Badenhoop, K. & Usadel, K. H. Bromocriptine treatment over 12 years in acromegaly: effect on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. Clin. Investig. 71, 372–378 (1993).Article

Rau，H.，Althoff，P.H.，Schmidt，K.，Badenhoop，K。＆Usadel，K.H。溴隐亭治疗肢端肥大症12年：对葡萄糖耐量和胰岛素分泌的影响。临床。调查。71372-378（1993）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Roemmler, J. et al. The acute effect of a single application of cabergoline on endogenous GH levels in patients with acromegaly on pegvisomant treatment. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 20, 338–344 (2010).Article

Roemmler，J.等人。聚乙二醇维索曼治疗肢端肥大症患者单次应用卡麦角林对内源性GH水平的急性影响。生长激素。IGF Res.20338–344（2010）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Cincotta, A. H. & Meier, A. H. Bromocriptine (Ergoset) reduces body weight and improves glucose tolerance in obese subjects. Diabetes Care 19, 667–670 (1996).Article

Cincotta，A.H。＆Meier，A.H。溴隐亭（Ergoset）可减轻肥胖受试者的体重并改善葡萄糖耐量。糖尿病护理19667-670（1996）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Andersen, I. B., Andreassen, M. & Krogh, J. The effect of dopamine agonists on metabolic variables in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 23, 58–67 (2021).Article

Andersen，I.B.，Andreassen，M。＆Krogh，J。多巴胺激动剂对成人2型糖尿病代谢变量的影响：随机临床试验的荟萃分析和试验顺序分析的系统评价。糖尿病Obes。代谢。23，58-67（2021）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kamath, V. et al. Effects of a quick-release form of bromocriptine (Ergoset) on fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, lipid, and lipoprotein concentrations in obese nondiabetic hyperinsulinemic women. Diabetes Care 20, 1697–1701 (1997).Article

Kamath，V。等人。快速释放形式的溴隐亭（麦角糖）对肥胖非糖尿病高胰岛素血症女性空腹和餐后血糖，胰岛素，脂质和脂蛋白浓度的影响。糖尿病护理201697-1701（1997）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Drake, W. M. et al. Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance improve in patients with acromegaly converted from depot octreotide to pegvisomant. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 149, 521–527 (2003).Article

Drake，W.M.等人。从奥曲肽仓库转换为培维索曼的肢端肥大症患者的胰岛素敏感性和葡萄糖耐量改善。Eur.J.Endocrinol。149521-527（2003）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Marazuela, M. et al. Long-term treatment of acromegalic patients resistant to somatostatin analogues with the GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant: its efficacy in relation to gender and previous radiotherapy. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 160, 535–542 (2009).Article

Marazuela，M.等人。GH受体拮抗剂pegvisomant对生长抑素类似物耐药的肢端肥大症患者的长期治疗：其与性别和既往放疗相关的疗效。Eur.J.Endocrinol。160535-542（2009）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Lindberg-Larsen, R. et al. The impact of pegvisomant treatment on substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity in patients with acromegaly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 1724–1728 (2007).Article

林德伯格·拉森（Lindberg Larsen，R.）等。培维索曼治疗对肢端肥大症患者底物代谢和胰岛素敏感性的影响。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。921724-1728（2007）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Ghigo, E. et al. Comparison of pegvisomant and long-acting octreotide in patients with acromegaly naive to radiation and medical therapy. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 32, 924–933 (2009).Article

Ghigo，E.等人。培维索曼和长效奥曲肽在未接受放射和药物治疗的肢端肥大症患者中的比较。J、 内分泌。投资。32924-933（2009）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Hodish, I. & Barkan, A. Long-term effects of pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. 4, 324–332 (2008).Article

Hodish，I。＆Barkan，A。pegvisomant对肢端肥大症患者的长期影响。自然临床。实践。内分泌。代谢。4324-332（2008）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Berg, C. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with uncontrolled and long-term acromegaly: comparison with matched data from the general population and the effect of disease control. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95, 3648–3656 (2010).Article

Berg，C.等人，《未控制和长期肢端肥大症患者的心血管危险因素：与普通人群匹配数据的比较以及疾病控制的效果》。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。953648-3656（2010）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Higham, C. E., Rowles, S., Russell-Jones, D., Umpleby, A. M. & Trainer, P. J. Pegvisomant improves insulin sensitivity and reduces overnight free fatty acid concentrations in patients with acromegaly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 2459–2463 (2009).Article

Higham，C.E.，Rowles，S.，RussellJones，D.，Umpleby，A.M。＆Trainer，P.J。Pegvisomant改善肢端肥大症患者的胰岛素敏感性并降低过夜游离脂肪酸浓度。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。942459-2463（2009）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Urbani, C. et al. Effects of medical therapies for acromegaly on glucose metabolism. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 169, 99–108 (2013).Article

Urbani，C.等人。肢端肥大症药物治疗对葡萄糖代谢的影响。Eur.J.Endocrinol。169,99-108（2013）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Colao, A. et al. Efficacy of 12-month treatment with the GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly resistant to long-term, high-dose somatostatin analog treatment: effect on IGF-I levels, tumor mass, hypertension and glucose tolerance. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 154, 467–477 (2006).Article .

Colao，A.等人，《生长激素受体拮抗剂培维索曼治疗对长期大剂量生长抑素类似物治疗产生耐药性的肢端肥大症患者12个月的疗效：对IGF-I水平、肿瘤质量、高血压和葡萄糖耐量的影响》。Eur.J.Endocrinol。154467-477（2006）。文章。

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Feola, T. et al. Pegvisomant improves glucose metabolism in acromegaly: a meta-analysis of prospective interventional studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 104, 2892–2902 (2019).Article

Pegvisomant改善肢端肥大症的葡萄糖代谢：前瞻性介入研究的荟萃分析。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。1042892-2902（2019）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Fleseriu, M. et al. More than a decade of real-world experience of pegvisomant for acromegaly: ACROSTUDY. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 185, 525–538 (2021).Article

Fleseriu，M.等人。pegvisomant治疗肢端肥大症的十多年实际经验：肢端肥大症研究。Eur.J.Endocrinol。185525-538（2021）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Ma, L. et al. Combined therapy of somatostatin analogues with pegvisomant for the treatment of acromegaly: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMC Endocr. Disord. 20, 126 (2020).Article

Ma，L.等。生长抑素类似物联合培维索胺治疗肢端肥大症：前瞻性研究的荟萃分析。BMC内分泌。混乱。20126（2020）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Muhammad, A. et al. Efficacy and safety of switching to pasireotide in patients with acromegaly controlled with pegvisomant and first-generation somatostatin analogues (PAPE study). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 103, 586–595 (2018).Article

Muhammad，A.等人。用培维索曼和第一代生长抑素类似物控制的肢端肥大症患者改用帕瑞肽的疗效和安全性（PAPE研究）。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。103586-595（2018）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Ronchi, C. L. et al. Long-term effects of radiotherapy on cardiovascular risk factors in acromegaly. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 164, 675–684 (2011).Article

Ronchi，C.L.等。放射治疗对肢端肥大症心血管危险因素的长期影响。Eur.J.Endocrinol。164675-684（2011）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Colao, A., Grasso, L. F. S., Di Somma, C. & Pivonello, R. Acromegaly and heart failure. Heart Fail. Clin. 15, 399–408 (2019).Article

Colao，A.，Grasso，L.F.S.，Di Somma，C。＆Pivonello，R。肢端肥大症和心力衰竭。心脏衰竭。临床。15399-408（2019）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Colao, A., Ferone, D., Marzullo, P. & Lombardi, G. Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr. Rev. 25, 102–152 (2004).Article

Colao，A.，Ferone，D.，Marzullo，P。＆Lombardi，G。肢端肥大症的全身并发症：流行病学，发病机制和管理。内分泌。修订版25102-152（2004）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Colao, A. et al. Systemic hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance are independently correlated to the severity of the acromegalic cardiomyopathy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 193–199 (2000).CAS

Colao，A。等人。全身性高血压和糖耐量异常与肢端肥大症心肌病的严重程度独立相关。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。85193-199（2000）。中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Lopez-Velasco, R. et al. Cardiac involvement in acromegaly: specific myocardiopathy or consequence of systemic hypertension? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 1047–1053 (1997).CAS

Lopez-Velasco，R。等人。肢端肥大症的心脏受累：特异性心肌病还是系统性高血压的后果？J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。821047-1053（1997）。中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Vila, G. et al. Hypertension in acromegaly in relationship to biochemical control and mortality: global ACROSTUDY outcomes. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 577173 (2020).Article

Vila，G.等人，《肢端肥大症中的高血压与生化控制和死亡率的关系：全球肢端肥大症研究结果》。正面。内分泌。11577173（2020）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Ahmad, E., Lim, S., Lamptey, R., Webb, D. R. & Davies, M. J. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet 400, 1803–1820 (2022).Article

Ahmad，E.，Lim，S.，Lamptey，R.，Webb，D.R。＆Davies，M.J。2型糖尿病。柳叶刀4001803-1820（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Poulsen, J. E. Recovery from retinopathy in a case of diabetes Simmonds’ disease. Diabetes 2, 7–12 (1953).Article

Poulsen，J.E。糖尿病Simmonds病患者视网膜病变的恢复。糖尿病2,7-12（1953）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Wright, A. D. et al. Serum growth hormone levels and the response of diabetic retinopathy to pituitary ablation. Br. Med. J. 2, 346–348 (1969).Article

Wright，A.D.等人。血清生长激素水平和糖尿病视网膜病变对垂体消融的反应。《医学杂志》2346-348（1969）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Ray, B. S., Pazianos, A. G., Greenberg, E., Peretz, W. L. & McLean, J. M. Pituitary ablation for diabetic retinopathy. I. Results of hypophysectomy. (A ten-year evaluation). JAMA 203, 79–84 (1968).Article

Ray，B.S.，Pazianos，A.G.，Greenberg，E.，Peretz，W.L。＆McLean，J.M。垂体消融治疗糖尿病视网膜病变。一、 垂体切除术的结果。（十年评估）。《美国医学会杂志》203，79–84（1968）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Alzaid, A. A., Dinneen, S. F., Melton, L. J. III & Rizza, R. A. The role of growth hormone in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 17, 531–534 (1994).Article

Alzaid，A.A.，Dinneen，S.F.，Melton，L.J.III＆Rizza，R.A。生长激素在糖尿病视网膜病变发展中的作用。糖尿病护理17531-534（1994）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Yuno, A. et al. Advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema in acromegaly: a case report and literature review. Diabetol. Int. 13, 575–579 (2022).Article

Yuno，A.等。肢端肥大症晚期增生性糖尿病视网膜病变和黄斑水肿：病例报告和文献复习。糖尿病。内景13575-579（2022年）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Azzoug, S. & Chentli, F. Diabetic retinopathy in acromegaly. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 18, 407–409 (2014).Article

Azzoug，S。＆Chentli，F。肢端肥大症中的糖尿病视网膜病变。印度J.Endocrinol。代谢。18407-409（2014）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Wu, T. E. & Chen, H. S. The role of growth hormone and IGF-1 in retinopathy: a prospective study of retinopathy in patients with acromegaly and impaired fasting glucose. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 14, 38 (2022).Article

Wu，T.E.＆Chen，H.S。生长激素和IGF-1在视网膜病变中的作用：肢端肥大症和空腹血糖受损患者视网膜病变的前瞻性研究。糖尿病。代谢。Syndr公司。14，38（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Fuchtbauer, L. et al. Increased number of retinal vessels in acromegaly. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 182, 293–302 (2020).Article

Fuchtbauer，L。等人，肢端肥大症视网膜血管数量增加。Eur.J.Endocrinol。182293-302（2020）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kamenicky, P., Mazziotti, G., Lombes, M., Giustina, A. & Chanson, P. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and the kidney: pathophysiological and clinical implications. Endocr. Rev. 35, 234–281 (2014).Article

Kamenicky，P.，Mazziotti，G.，Lombes，M.，Giustina，A。＆Chanson，P。生长激素，胰岛素样生长因子-1和肾脏：病理生理和临床意义。内分泌。第35234-281版（2014年）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Mukhi, D., Nishad, R., Menon, R. K. & Pasupulati, A. K. Novel actions of growth hormone in podocytes: implications for diabetic nephropathy. Front. Med. 4, 102 (2017).Article

Mukhi，D.，Nishad，R.，Menon，R.K。＆Pasupulati，A.K。生长激素在足细胞中的新作用：对糖尿病肾病的影响。正面。医学杂志4102（2017）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Bellush, L. L. et al. Protection against diabetes-induced nephropathy in growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene-disrupted mice. Endocrinology 141, 163–168 (2000).Article

Bellush，L.L.等人，《生长激素受体/结合蛋白基因破坏小鼠对糖尿病肾病的保护作用》。内分泌学141163-168（2000）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Baldelli, R. et al. Microalbuminuria in insulin sensitivity in patients with growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumor. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 710–714 (2008).Article

Baldelli，R。等。分泌生长激素的垂体瘤患者胰岛素敏感性中的微量白蛋白尿。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。93710-714（2008）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Vouzouneraki, K. et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome in acromegaly: a nationwide study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 184, 209–216 (2021).Article

Vouzouneraki，K。等人。肢端肥大症腕管综合征：一项全国性研究。Eur.J.Endocrinol。184209-216（2021）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Lewis, P. D. Neuromuscular involvement in pituitary gigantism. Br. Med. J. 2, 499–500 (1972).Article

Lewis，P.D。神经肌肉参与垂体巨人症。《医学杂志》2499-500（1972）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Low, P. A., McLeod, J. G., Turtle, J. R., Donnelly, P. & Wright, R. G. Peripheral neuropathy in acromegaly. Brain 97, 139–152 (1974).Article

Low，P.A.，McLeod，J.G.，Turtle，J.R.，Donnelly，P。＆Wright，R.G。肢端肥大症的周围神经病变。大脑97139-152（1974）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Jamal, G. A., Kerr, D. J., McLellan, A. R., Weir, A. I. & Davies, D. L. Generalised peripheral nerve dysfunction in acromegaly: a study by conventional and novel neurophysiological techniques. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 50, 886–894 (1987).Article

Jamal，G.A.，Kerr，D.J.，McLellan，A.R.，Weir，A.I。＆Davies，D.L。肢端肥大症的全身性周围神经功能障碍：一项常规和新型神经生理学技术的研究。J、 神经病学。神经外科精神病学50886-894（1987）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Hicks, C. W. & Selvin, E. Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes. Curr. Diab Rep. 19, 86 (2019).Article

Hicks，C.W。＆Selvin，E。糖尿病周围神经病变和下肢疾病的流行病学。货币。《糖尿病报告》19、86（2019）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Esposito, D., Ragnarsson, O., Johannsson, G. & Olsson, D. S. Incidence of benign and malignant tumors in patients with acromegaly is increased: a nationwide population-based study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 106, 3487–3496 (2021).PubMed

Esposito，D.，Ragnarsson，O.，Johannsson，G.＆Olsson，D.S。肢端肥大症患者良性和恶性肿瘤的发病率增加：一项全国范围的基于人群的研究。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。1063487-3496（2021）。PubMed出版社

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Dal, J. et al. Cancer incidence in patients with acromegaly: a cohort study and meta-analysis of the literature. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 103, 2182–2188 (2018).Article

Dal，J.等人，《肢端肥大症患者的癌症发病率：一项队列研究和文献荟萃分析》。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。1032182-2188（2018）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Tomic, D., Shaw, J. E. & Magliano, D. J. The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 18, 525–539 (2022).Article

Tomic，D.，Shaw，J.E。和Magliano，D.J。糖尿病新发并发症的负担和风险。《国家内分泌杂志》。18525-539（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Bonagiri, P. R. & Shubrook, J. H. Review of associations between type 2 diabetes and cancer. Clin. Diabetes 38, 256–265 (2020).Article

Bonagiri，P.R。＆Shubrook，J.H。综述2型糖尿病与癌症之间的关联。临床。糖尿病38256-265（2020）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Colao, A. et al. The association of fasting insulin concentrations and colonic neoplasms in acromegaly: a colonoscopy-based study in 210 patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 3854–3860 (2007).Article

Colao，A.等人，《空腹胰岛素浓度与肢端肥大症结肠肿瘤的关系：210例患者的结肠镜检查研究》。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。923854-3860（2007）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Cheng, S., Gomez, K., Serri, O., Chik, C. & Ezzat, S. The role of diabetes in acromegaly associated neoplasia. PLoS One 10, e0127276 (2015).Article

Cheng，S.，Gomez，K.，Serri，O.，Chik，C。＆Ezzat，S。糖尿病在肢端肥大症相关瘤形成中的作用。PLoS One 10，e0127276（2015）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Xiao, Z. H. et al. Cancer risk and its association with diabetes mellitus in patients with acromegaly: a two center-based study. Endocr. Pract. 29, 699–704 (2023).Article

Xiao，Z.H.等人。肢端肥大症患者的癌症风险及其与糖尿病的关系：一项基于两个中心的研究。内分泌。实践。29699-704（2023）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Davies, M. J. et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the american diabetes association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 45, 2753–2786 (2022).Article

Davies，M.J.等人，《2型糖尿病高血糖的管理》，2022年。美国糖尿病协会（ADA）和欧洲糖尿病研究协会（EASD）的共识报告。糖尿病护理452753-2786（2022）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Reyes-Vidal, C. M. et al. Adipose tissue redistribution and ectopic lipid deposition in active acromegaly and effects of surgical treatment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100, 2946–2955 (2015).Article

Reyes-Vidal，C.M.等。活动性肢端肥大症的脂肪组织重新分布和异位脂质沉积以及手术治疗的效果。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。1002946-2955（2015）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kahn, S. E., Cooper, M. E. & Del Prato, S. Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future. Lancet 383, 1068–1083 (2014).Article

Kahn，S.E.，Cooper，M.E。＆Del Prato，S。2型糖尿病的病理生理学和治疗：过去，现在和未来的观点。柳叶刀3831068-1083（2014）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Yau, H., Rivera, K., Lomonaco, R. & Cusi, K. The future of thiazolidinedione therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr. Diab Rep. 13, 329–341 (2013).Article

Yau，H.，Rivera，K.，Lomonaco，R。＆Cusi，K。噻唑烷二酮治疗2型糖尿病的未来。货币。《糖尿病报告》13329–341（2013）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Samson, S. L. et al. Managing pasireotide-associated hyperglycemia: a randomized, open-label, phase IV study. Pituitary 24, 887–903 (2021).Article

Samson，S.L.等人，《管理帕瑞肽相关的高血糖症：一项随机、开放标签的IV期研究》。垂体24887-903（2021）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Lupsa, B. C. & Inzucchi, S. E. Use of SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: weighing the risks and benefits. Diabetologia 61, 2118–2125 (2018).Article

Lupsa，B.C.＆Inzucchi，S.E.在2型糖尿病中使用SGLT2抑制剂：权衡风险和收益。糖尿病612118-2125（2018）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Yoshida, N. et al. Ketoacidosis as the initial clinical condition in nine patients with acromegaly: a review of 860 cases at a single institute. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 169, 127–132 (2013).Article

吉田，N。等人。酮症酸中毒是9例肢端肥大症患者的初始临床症状：对单个研究所860例患者的回顾。Eur.J.Endocrinol。169127-132（2013）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Quarella, M., Walser, D., Brandle, M., Fournier, J. Y. & Bilz, S. Rapid onset of diabetic ketoacidosis after SGLT2 inhibition in a patient with unrecognized acromegaly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 102, 1451–1453 (2017).Article

Quarella，M.，Walser，D.，Brandle，M.，Fournier，J.Y。＆Bilz，S。在未识别的肢端肥大症患者中，SGLT2抑制后糖尿病酮症酸中毒的快速发作。J、 临床。内分泌。代谢。1021451-1453（2017）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Weiss, J. et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in acromegaly; a rare complication precipitated by corticosteroid use. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 134, 29–37 (2017).Article

Weiss，J。等人。肢端肥大症中的糖尿病酮症酸中毒；皮质类固醇使用引起的罕见并发症。糖尿病研究临床。实践。134,29-37（2017）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Zaina, A. et al. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors treatment in acromegalic patients with diabetes-a case series and literature review. Endocrine 73, 65–70 (2021).Article

Zaina，A。等人。钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂治疗肢端肥大症糖尿病患者-病例系列和文献综述。内分泌73,65-70（2021）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Download referencesAcknowledgementsThe authors express their gratitude to Eva Hessman and Helen Sjöblom (Biomedical Library, Gothenburg University Library, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden) for developing the search strings and conducting the study search for this Review.

下载参考文献致谢作者感谢Eva Hessman和Helen Sjöblom（生物医学图书馆，哥德堡大学图书馆，哥德堡大学，瑞典哥德堡）开发搜索字符串并进行本评论的研究搜索。

The authors are grateful to Daniele Micciché (medical student at Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy) for his contribution to the development of Table 1. The authors acknowledge Peter Todd (Tajut Ltd., Kaiapoi, New Zealand) for third-party editorial assistance with language editing and the formatting of the table and reference list, for which he received financial compensation from ALF funding.

作者感谢Daniele Michiché（意大利诺瓦拉皮埃蒙特东方大学医学生）对表1的发展做出的贡献。作者感谢Peter Todd（Tajut Ltd.，Kaiapoi，New Zealand）在语言编辑以及表格和参考列表的格式方面提供的第三方编辑协助，为此他获得了ALF资助的经济补偿。

The authors acknowledge the support of the Swedish government under the ALF agreement. ALF is the Swedish acronym for an agreement between the central government and the Swedish regions with the aim of promoting clinical research and education. The funding source did not have any involvement in the project design or any other phase of the project.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDaniela Esposito, Oskar Ragnarsson & Gudmundur JohannssonDepartment of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, SwedenDaniela Esposito, Oskar Ragnarsson & Gudmundur JohannssonDepartment of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), University Hospital, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, BrazilCesar Luiz BoguszewskiEndocrinlogy Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, ItalyAnnamaria ColaoUNESCO Chair.

作者承认瑞典政府在ALF协议下的支持。ALF是瑞典中央政府和瑞典地区之间达成的旨在促进临床研究和教育的协议的缩写。资金来源没有参与项目设计或项目的任何其他阶段。作者信息作者和附属机构哥德堡大学萨尔格伦斯卡学院医学研究所内科和临床营养系，哥德堡，斯维登达涅拉·埃斯波西托，奥斯卡·拉格纳松和古德蒙杜尔·约翰松医学系（内分泌，糖尿病和临床营养科），萨尔格伦斯卡大学医院，哥德堡，斯维登达涅拉·埃斯波西托，奥斯卡·拉格纳松和古德蒙杜尔·约翰松内科，内分泌科，巴拉那联邦大学医院，库里提巴，巴西那不勒斯费德里科二世大学那不勒斯医学院临床医学与外科Crinlogy部门，意大利安娜玛利亚·科劳教科文组织主席。

PubMed Google ScholarCesar Luiz BoguszewskiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarCesar Luiz BoguszewskiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarAnnamaria ColaoView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarAnnamaria ColaoView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarMaria FleseriuView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarMaria FleseriuView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarFederico GattoView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarFederico GattoView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarJens Otto Lunde JørgensenView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarJens Otto Lunde JørgensenView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarOskar RagnarssonView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarOskar RagnarssonView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarDiego FeroneView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarDiego FeroneView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarGudmundur JohannssonView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarGudmundur JohannssonView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsThe authors contributed equally to all aspects of the article.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to

PubMed谷歌学术贡献作者对文章的各个方面都做出了同样的贡献。对应作者对应

Daniela Esposito.Ethics declarations

丹妮拉·埃斯波西托。道德宣言

Competing interests

相互竞争的利益

D.E. has received lecture fees from Ipsen and Pfizer AB. C.L.B. has received lecture fees from Ipsen, Recordati and Novo Nordisk, has been Principal Investigator of Research Studies for Novartis and Recordati, and served as consultant for Ipsen, Recordati, Crinetics, and Novo Nordisk. A.C. has been Principal Investigator of Research Studies for Novartis, Ipsen, Pfizer, Lilly, Merck and Novo Nordisk, a consultant for Novartis, Ipsen, and Pfizer, and received honoraria from Novartis, Ipsen and Pfizer.

D、 E.收到了Ipsen和辉瑞公司的讲座费。C.L.B.收到了Ipsen、Recordati和Novo Nordisk的讲座费，是诺华和Recordati研究的首席研究员，并担任了Ipsen、Recordati、Crinetics和Novo Nordisk的顾问。A、 C.是诺华、益普生、辉瑞、礼来、默克和诺和诺德研究的首席研究员，是诺华、益普生和辉瑞的顾问，并获得了诺华、益普生和辉瑞的酬金。

M.F. has received grants to their institution from Amryt, Crinetics, Ionis, and Recordati and has received occasional consulting fees or has served as occasional Advisory Board Member for Amryt, Camurus, Ipsen, Pfizer, and Recordati. F.G. has received lecture/manuscript writing fees from Recordati Rare Diseases, Camurus, Ipsen and Pfizer.

M、 F.已获得Amryt、Crinetics、Ionis和Recordati向其机构提供的资助，并偶尔收取咨询费，或曾偶尔担任Amryt、Camurus、Ipsen、辉瑞和Recordati的顾问委员会成员。F、 G.收到了Recordati Rare Diseases，Camurus，Ipsen和辉瑞的讲座/手稿写作费。

J.O.L.J. has served as Advisory Board Member for Novo Nordisk. D.F. has received lecture, advisory board and steering committee fees as well as a research grant from Recordati Rare Diseases, Camurus, Novartis-Advanced Accelerator Applications, Ipsen, and Bristol Myers Squibb. G.J. has served as a consultant for Novo Nordisk, Shire, and Astra Zeneca and has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Ipsen, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Merck Serono, Otsuka, and Pfizer AB.

J、 O.L.J.曾担任诺和诺德咨询委员会成员。D、 F.收到了Recordati Rare Diseases、Camurus、Novartis Advanced Accelerator Applications、Ipsen和Bristol-Myers Squibb的讲座、咨询委员会和指导委员会费用以及研究资助。G、 J.曾担任Novo Nordisk，Shire和Astra Zeneca的顾问，并从礼来，益普生，诺华，Novo Nordisk，默克Serono，大冢和辉瑞公司收取了演讲费。

The other authors declare no competing interests..

其他作者声明没有利益冲突。。

Peer review

同行评审

Peer review information

同行评审信息

Nature Reviews Endocrinology thanks Marek Bolanowski, Leandro Kasuki, Jochen Schopohl and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

《自然评论》内分泌学感谢Marek Bolanowski，Leandro Kasuki，Jochen Schopohl和其他匿名审稿人对这项工作的同行评审做出的贡献。

Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Review criteriaWe searched PubMed for full-text articles published in English from the inception of the data base until June 20, 2023, using the terms “acromegaly”, “somatotropin hypersecretion syndrome”, “inappropriate GH secretion syndrome” in combination with the terms “diabetes mellitus” and “insulin resistance”.

Additional informationPublisher的注释Springer Nature在已发布的地图和机构隶属关系中的管辖权主张方面保持中立。审查标准我们在PubMed上搜索了从数据库建立到2023年6月20日以英文发表的全文文章，使用术语“肢端肥大症”，“生长激素分泌过多综合征”，“不适当的GH分泌综合征”结合术语“糖尿病”和“胰岛素抵抗”。

Articles were screened using the Rayyan web application. Some articles were not included in the Review due to word length limitation, irrelevance or lack of importance.Rights and permissionsSpringer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleEsposito, D., Boguszewski, C.L., Colao, A.

使用Rayyan web应用程序筛选文章。由于字长限制，不相关或缺乏重要性，一些文章未被纳入评论。权利和许可Pringer Nature或其许可人（例如协会或其他合作伙伴）根据与作者或其他权利持有人的出版协议对本文拥有专有权；本文接受稿件版本的作者自行存档仅受此类出版协议和适用法律的条款管辖。转载和许可本文引用本文Esposito，D.，Boguszewski，C.L.，Colao，A。

et al. Diabetes mellitus in patients with acromegaly: pathophysiology, clinical challenges and management..

肢端肥大症患者的糖尿病：病理生理学，临床挑战和管理。。

Nat Rev Endocrinol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-024-00993-xDownload citationAccepted: 22 April 2024Published: 06 June 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-024-00993-xShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

Nat Rev Endocrinol（2024）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-024-00993-xDownload引文接受日期：2024年4月22日发布日期：2024年6月6日OI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-024-00993-xShare本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容：获取可共享链接对不起，本文目前没有可共享的链接。复制到剪贴板。

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

由Springer Nature SharedIt内容共享计划提供