AbstractBreast cancer is a hormone-dependent cancer. Hormonal exposure begins in the intrauterine period and continues in later years of life. 2D:4D ratio is accepted as an indicator of this exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in 2D:4D ratio between pathological subgroups of breast cancer and healthy control group.

摘要乳腺癌是一种激素依赖性癌症。荷尔蒙暴露始于宫内期，并持续到晚年。2D:4D比率被认为是这种暴露的指标。本研究的目的是调查乳腺癌病理亚组与健康对照组之间2D:4D比率是否存在差异。

In this study, 204 participants, 154 breast cancer patients and 50 healthy control volunteers with similar age distribution, were included. Both hands of all participants were scanned using a digital scanner. The second and fourth finger lengths were measured using a digital measuring ruler with an accuracy of 0.05 mm.

在这项研究中，包括204名参与者，154名乳腺癌患者和50名年龄分布相似的健康对照志愿者。使用数字扫描仪扫描所有参与者的双手。使用数字测量尺测量第二和第四指的长度，精度为0.05 mm。

The 2D:4D ratio was calculated as the length of the second finger divided by the length of the fourth finger. A total of 204 patients (55 triple negative, 52 luminal B, 33 luminal A, 14 HER2-overexpessing and 50 healthy control volunteers) were subjected to finger scanning. There was no statistically significant difference in mean age between the groups.

2D:4D比率计算为第二根手指的长度除以第四根手指的长度。共有204名患者（55名三阴性，52名管腔B，33名管腔A，14名HER2过度表达和50名健康对照志愿者）接受了手指扫描。两组之间的平均年龄没有统计学上的显着差异。

The right hand 2D:4D ratio was significantly lower in the Luminal A group compared to the other groups (p < 0.048). Although prenatal hormonal exposure is accepted as a risk factor for breast cancer, no study has evaluated patients in pathological subgroups. The 2D:4D ratio may be associated with breast cancer especially in the luminal A group in which hormone receptors are strongly positive and which has a better prognosis compared to the other groups..

与其他组相比，Luminal A组的右手2D:4D比率显着降低（p<0.048）。虽然产前激素暴露被认为是乳腺癌的危险因素，但没有研究评估病理亚组的患者。2D:4D比率可能与乳腺癌有关，尤其是在激素受体呈强阳性且与其他组相比预后更好的管腔A组中。。

IntroductionBreast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide and has a very high mortality rate1. Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease in which environmental and genetic factors play a role in its etiology2.Breast cancer is a hormone-dependent cancer and there is a positive correlation between prolonged exposure to estrogen and breast cancer incidence3,4.

引言乳腺癌是全球女性最常见的恶性肿瘤，死亡率很高1。乳腺癌是一种多因素疾病，其中环境和遗传因素在其病因中起作用2。乳腺癌是一种激素依赖性癌症，长期暴露于雌激素与乳腺癌发病率呈正相关3,4。

Early menarche, late menopause, first pregnancy at an advanced age, never having given birth, hormone replacement therapies and obesity are factors that increase the risk of breast cancer5,6. Although gene mutations such as BRCA1, BRCA2, p53 and PTEN constitute a high risk for breast cancer, they are observed in a small proportion of breast cancer cases2.Development of the breast tissue begins in the intrauterine period and continues throughout puberty, pregnancy and lactation.

初潮早，绝经晚，高龄首次怀孕，从未分娩，激素替代疗法和肥胖是增加乳腺癌风险的因素5,6。尽管BRCA1，BRCA2，p53和PTEN等基因突变构成乳腺癌的高风险，但在一小部分乳腺癌病例中观察到它们2。乳腺组织的发育始于宫内，并持续到整个青春期，怀孕和哺乳期。

Estrogen increases mitotic activity in breast cells and causes proliferative effect6. Long-term and excessive exposure to estrogen is thought to be involved in the development of breast cancer with a cumulative effect on breast gland tissue throughout life7,8,9,10.Many studies have shown that high endogenous estrogen and androgen levels and low sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels are associated with postmenopausal and premenopausal breast cancer11,12.

雌激素增加乳腺细胞的有丝分裂活性并引起增殖效应6。长期和过度暴露于雌激素被认为与乳腺癌的发展有关，并在整个生命过程中对乳腺组织产生累积影响7,8,9,10。许多研究表明，高内源性雌激素和雄激素水平以及低性激素结合球蛋白（SHBG）水平与绝经后和绝经前乳腺癌有关11,12。

Exposure to sex hormones may begin in the intrauterine period and may be associated with cancer development later in life. The ratio of second and fourth fingers (2D:4D) can be used as an indirect method to show the effects of androgen exposure in the prenatal period6,13. It is accepted that this ratio is formed in the intrauterine period and does not change throughout life and may be an important and early diagnostic marker for future breast cancer development14,15.The ac.

暴露于性激素可能始于宫内期，并可能与生命后期的癌症发展有关。第二和第四指的比例（2D:4D）可以作为间接方法来显示产前雄激素暴露的影响6,13。人们普遍认为，这个比例是在宫内形成的，并且在整个生命过程中都不会改变，可能是未来乳腺癌发展的重要和早期诊断标志物14,15.ac。

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the patients participating in the study.Full size tableThe mean age of the patients who participated in the study was 51.39 ± 12.59 years. As seen in Table 2, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of mean age (p = 0.126)..

表1参与研究的患者的人口统计学特征。全尺寸表参与研究的患者的平均年龄为51.39±12.59岁。如表2所示，就平均年龄而言，各组之间没有统计学上的显着差异（p=0.126）。。

Table2 Comparison of mean age by groups.Full size tableTable 3 Comparison of 2D:4D ratios of the patients with breast cancer and control subjects.Full size tableDiscussionThere are limited studies in the literature investigating the association of intrauterine sex hormone exposure with breast cancer10,28.

表2各组平均年龄的比较。全尺寸表表3乳腺癌患者和对照组2D:4D比率的比较。全尺寸表讨论文献中研究宫内性激素暴露与乳腺癌关系的研究有限10,28。

High intrauterine exposure to sex hormones, especially maternal estrogen and umbilical cord dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations have been found to increase breast cancer29,30. The number of studies investigating the 2D:4D ratio, which is considered as an indirect indicator reflecting exposure to sex hormones, in breast cancer is limited compared to other cancers.

已经发现子宫内暴露于性激素，特别是母体雌激素和脐带脱氢表雄酮浓度过高会增加乳腺癌29,30。与其他癌症相比，研究乳腺癌中2D:4D比率的研究数量有限，该比率被认为是反映性激素暴露的间接指标。

One of these studies is a prospective cohort study published in 2012. In this study, it was reported that the 2D:4D ratio may be associated with breast cancer risk and age at breast cancer onset10. In 2014, another study conducted in Chinese women with breast cancer investigated the 2D:4D ratio and found that this ratio was significantly higher in patients with breast cancer28.

其中一项研究是2012年发表的一项前瞻性队列研究。在这项研究中，据报道，2D:4D比率可能与乳腺癌发病风险和年龄有关10。2014年，另一项针对中国乳腺癌女性的研究调查了2D:4D比例，发现乳腺癌患者的这一比例明显更高28。

There are no studies comparing the 2D:4D ratio with pathological subtypes of breast cancer.In our study, we immunohistochemically divided breast cancer patients into 4 subgroups. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of age at diagnosis. We found a lower 2D:4D ratio in the right hand in estrogen and/or progesterone receptor positive HER2 negative luminal A patients, which constitute approximately 60% of breast cancer and have a better prognosis than other subtypes31.

没有研究将2D:4D比率与乳腺癌的病理亚型进行比较。在我们的研究中，我们用免疫组织化学方法将乳腺癌患者分为4个亚组。在诊断时的年龄方面，两组之间没有观察到统计学上的显着差异。我们发现雌激素和/或孕激素受体阳性HER2阴性鲁米那a患者右手2D:4D比例较低，约占乳腺癌的60%，预后优于其他亚型31。

Although hormone receptor positivity was also found in the Luminal B patient group, no such association was found in Luminal B and other subtypes. This observation suggests a complex relationship between prenatal hormone exposure.

尽管在鲁米那B患者组中也发现了激素受体阳性，但在鲁米那B和其他亚型中没有发现这种关联。这一观察结果表明产前激素暴露之间存在复杂的关系。

Data availability

数据可用性

The datasets analyzed in the current study are not publicly available due to the possibility to showcase patients identity. However, they could be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

由于可能显示患者身份，因此当前研究中分析的数据集无法公开获得。但是，如果有合理的要求，可以从通讯作者那里获得。

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Download referencesAuthor informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Medical Oncology, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, TurkeyŞafak Yıldırım DişliDepartment of Medical Oncology, Kanuni Research and Education Hospital, Trabzon, TurkeyAli Caner ÖzdöverDepartment of Medical Oncology, Tekirdağ City Hospital, Tekirdağ, TurkeyElif YüceDepartment of Medical Oncology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, TurkeyAhmet Kürşad DişliDepartment of Medical Oncology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, TurkeyEvren FidanAuthorsŞafak Yıldırım DişliView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

下载参考资料作者信息作者和附属机构土耳其凯塞里凯塞里市医院医学肿瘤学部Şafak Yıldırım Diş或查看作者出版物您也可以在中搜索此作者。

PubMed Google ScholarAli Caner ÖzdöverView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarAli CanerÖzdöverView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarElif YüceView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed谷歌学术评论作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarAhmet Kürşad DişliView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed巧克力谷歌ScholarAhmet Kurşad Dişli查看作者出版物您也可以在中搜索这位作者

PubMed Google ScholarEvren FidanView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarEvren FidanView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsY.D., A.C.Ö., E.Y., A.K.D., E.F., Ş.Y.D.: Methodology, Writing-Original Draft; A.C.Ö.: Investigation; E.Y.: Investigation; A.K.D.: Writing-Review & Editing; E.F.: Supervision. All authors reviewed this manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献。D、 ，A.C.Ö。，E、 Y.，A.K.D.，E.F.，Ş。Y、 D.：方法论，撰写初稿；A、 C.Ö：调查；E、 Y.：调查；A、 K.D.：写作评论和编辑；E、 F.：监督。所有作者都审阅了这份手稿。对应作者对应。

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这是星光的黎明。道德宣言

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleYıldırım Dişli, Ş., Özdöver, A.C., Yüce, E. et al. Evaluation of digit ratio (2D:4D) in breast cancer patients.

重印和许可Overdose，A.C.，Yüce，E.等人，乳腺癌症患者手指比例（2D:4D）的评估。

Sci Rep 14, 13722 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64692-3Download citationReceived: 25 October 2023Accepted: 12 June 2024Published: 14 June 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64692-3Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

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KeywordsBreast cancerDigit ratiohormonal exposure

关键词BREAST癌症高比暴露

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