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AbstractThe nasal cavity of living mammals is a unique structural complex among tetrapods, acquired along a series of major morphological transformations that occurred mainly during the Mesozoic Era, within the Synapsida clade. Particularly, non-mammaliaform cynodonts document several morphological changes in the skull, during the Triassic Period, that represent the first steps of the mammalian bauplan.
摘要活体哺乳动物的鼻腔是四足动物中独特的结构复合体,主要发生在中生代,在突触进化枝内发生了一系列主要的形态变化。特别是,非哺乳动物形式的cynodonts记录了三叠纪期间颅骨的几种形态变化,这些变化代表了哺乳动物bauplan的第一步。
We here explore the nasal cavity of five cynodont taxa, namely Thrinaxodon, Chiniquodon, Prozostrodon, Riograndia, and Brasilodon, in order to discuss the main changes within this skull region. We did not identify ossified turbinals in the nasal cavity of these taxa and if present, as non-ossified structures, they would not necessarily be associated with temperature control or the development of endothermy.
我们在这里探索了五种cynodont分类群的鼻腔,即Thrinaxodon,Chinikodon,Prozostrodon,Riograndia和Brasilodon,以讨论该颅骨区域内的主要变化。我们没有在这些分类群的鼻腔中发现骨化的鼻甲,如果存在,作为非骨化结构,它们不一定与温度控制或吸热的发展有关。
We do, however, notice a complexification of the cartilage anchoring structures that divide the nasal cavity and separate it from the brain region in these forerunners of mammals..
然而,我们确实注意到,在这些哺乳动物的祖先中,软骨锚定结构的复杂性将鼻腔分开并将其与大脑区域分开。。
IntroductionSynapsida is a clade that diverged from basal amniotes at about 320 Ma, during the end of the Carboniferous Period, and includes the mammals as the crown group1,2,3. Its evolutionary history relates the morphological changes from the traditionally and erroneously called “mammal-like reptiles” (such as “pelycosaurs”, anomodonts, therocephalians, cynodonts) to the bauplan of mammals, a successful lineage with more than 6600 living species4.
引言Synapsida是一个分支,在石炭纪末期约320 Ma从基底羊膜分化而来,包括哺乳动物作为冠群1,2,3。它的进化史将形态变化从传统上被错误地称为“哺乳动物样爬行动物”(如“pelycosaurs”,anomodonts,therocephalians,cynodonts)与哺乳动物的bauplan联系起来,bauplan是一个拥有6600多种生物的成功谱系4。
The excellent fossil record of synapsids has enabled researchers to address hypotheses about the origin of several physiological traits that now characterize mammals, such as the presence of hair, lactation, an evolved neocortex in the brain, thermoregulation, elevated aerobic capacity, truncated growth, dental diphyodonty, among others1,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15.
synapsids的优秀化石记录使研究人员能够解决关于几种生理特征起源的假设,这些生理特征现在是哺乳动物的特征,例如头发的存在,泌乳,大脑中进化的新皮层,体温调节,有氧能力提高,生长被截断,牙齿畸形等1,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15。
Particularly, the progressive increase of sustained aerobic capacity is evident along the synapsid lineage, markedly in more derived groups, such as cynodonts8,16,17,18. With a raise in aerobic activity there is a gradual increase in lung ventilation and, consequently, the loss of water and heat through respiration19.
特别是,在synapsid谱系中,持续有氧能力的逐渐增加是明显的,在更多的衍生组中,如cynodonts8,16,17,18。随着有氧运动的增加,肺通气逐渐增加,因此通过呼吸失去水分和热量19。
To control this, living mammals have structures inside the nasal cavity, named turbinals20,21,22,23. The turbinals and nasal septum are structures completely ossified in the snout of current mammals, which occurs during their perinatal stage from the ossification of the cartilages of the nasal capsule24,25,26.
为了控制这一点,活着的哺乳动物在鼻腔内有结构,称为鼻甲20,21,22,23。鼻甲和鼻中隔是目前哺乳动物鼻子中完全骨化的结构,发生在围产期,由鼻囊软骨骨化24,25,26。
In addition to these physiological functions, the turbinals, together with other bones, like the presphenoid and mesethmoid24, provide the separation of the nasal cavity from the brain cavity by the cribriform plate.If turbinals were present in extinct groups of synapsids, such as “pelycosaurs”, therocephalians, non-mammaliaform cynodonts19,2.
除了这些生理功能外,鼻甲与其他骨骼(如前类骨质和mesethmoid24)一起,通过筛板将鼻腔与脑腔分开。如果鼻甲存在于已灭绝的突触群中,例如“pelycosaurs”,therocephalians,非哺乳动物形式的cynodonts19,2。
Data availability
数据可用性
Additional information, including figures and videos of the analysed specimens used in this study, is available in the Supplementary Information files.
补充信息文件中提供了其他信息,包括本研究中使用的分析标本的数字和视频。
AbbreviationsNHMUK:
缩写NHMUK:
Natural History Museum, London, UK
英国伦敦自然历史博物馆
UFRGS:
UFRGS:
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
巴西阿雷格里港南里奥格兰德州联邦大学
UNISINOS:
Unisinos:
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
巴西南里奥格兰德州圣利奥波德西诺斯淡水河谷大学
MCN:
MCN:
Museu de Ciências Naturais, Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente e Infrastrutura, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
自然科学博物馆,国家环境和基础设施部,阿雷格里港,巴西南里奥格兰德州
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For access to collections, we acknowledge Sandra Chapman (NHMUK), Mike Day (NHMUK), and Rodrigo S. Horodyski (UNISINOS). The photographs of specimens from the UFRGS were skillfully taken by Luiz Flavio Lopes (UFRGS). This work was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil-311251/2021-8; 308512/2023-4; 406902/2022-4), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul-FAPERGS (19/2551-0000719-1), Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro-FAPERJ (E-26/201.066/2021).
对于藏品的访问,我们感谢Sandra Chapman(NHMUK)、Mike Day(NHMUK)和Rodrigo S.Horodyski(UNISINOS)。来自UFRGS的标本照片由Luiz Flavio Lopes(UFRGS)巧妙地拍摄。这项工作得到了国家环境保护委员会(CNPq,Brazil-311251/2021-8;308512/2024-4;406902/2022-4)、南里奥格兰德州环境保护基金会(19/2551-0000719-1)、里约热内卢环境保护基金(e-26/201.066/2021)的支持。
This work was funded by NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) grants NE/K01496X/1 and NE/X001504/1 to E.J.R., P.G.G., A.G.M., C.L.S., and M.B.S. A.G.M. was awarded with a Benjamin Meaker Visiting Professorship of the University of Bristol and is supported by CONICET PIBAA 1137, PICT 2020-SERIEA-01498, and ANID-MILENIO-NCN2023.
这项工作由NERC(自然环境研究委员会)资助,向E.J.R.,P.G.G.,A.G.M.,C.L.S.和M.B.S.授予NE/K01496X/1和NE/X001504/1。A.G.M.被授予布里斯托尔大学Benjamin Meaker客座教授,并得到了CONICET PIBAA 1137,PICT 2020-SERIEA-01498和ANID-MILENIO-NCN2023的支持。
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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsP.H.M.F., A.G.M., P.G.G., E.J.R., C.L.S. and M.B.S. planned and designed the study and research; P.H.M.F. and A.G.M. made the figures; all authors contributed to write parts of the manuscript text; all authors discussed and reviewed the final manuscript.Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to.
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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleFonseca, P.H.M., Martinelli, A.G., Gill, P.G. et al. New evidence from high-resolution computed microtomography of Triassic stem-mammal skulls from South America enhances discussions on turbinates before the origin of Mammaliaformes.
转载和许可本文引用本文Fonseca,P.H.M.,Martinelli,A.G.,Gill,P.G.等人。来自南美三叠纪干哺乳动物头骨的高分辨率计算机显微断层扫描的新证据增强了对哺乳动物起源之前鼻甲的讨论。
Sci Rep 14, 13817 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64434-5Download citationReceived: 26 January 2024Accepted: 10 June 2024Published: 15 June 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64434-5Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.
Sci Rep 1413817(2024)。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64434-5Download引文接收日期:2024年1月26日接受日期:2024年6月10日发布日期:2024年6月15日OI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64434-5Share本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容:获取可共享链接对不起,本文目前没有可共享的链接。复制到剪贴板。
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