AbstractPeripheral neuropathy and amputation are common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) that significantly impact the quality of life of the affected individuals. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy, the level of amputation, and the quality of life in patients with DM.

摘要周围神经病变和截肢是糖尿病（DM）的常见并发症，严重影响受影响个体的生活质量。本研究旨在调查DM患者周围神经病变的患病率，截肢水平和生活质量。

This cross-sectional study was conducted after approval of the synopsis involving 225 diagnosed patients with DM on pre-defined eligibility criteria, selected from public sector OPDs, specialized diabetes centres, and centres manufacturing orthotics and prosthetics. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and the administration of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument and the Asian Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire.

这项横断面研究是在概要获得批准后进行的，该概要涉及225名根据预定义的资格标准诊断出的DM患者，这些患者选自公共部门OPD，专业糖尿病中心以及制造矫形器和假肢的中心。。

The level of amputation was recorded for each participant. Data was entered into SPSS, and results were synthesized. Pearson correlation is applied to find an association between gender and the quality of life of the participants, while P ≤ 0.05 will be considered significant. The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in a sample of 225, based on a self-administered questionnaire, was (44.4%), and in terms of foot examination was (51.1%).

记录每个参与者的截肢程度。将数据输入SPSS，并合成结果。Pearson相关性用于发现性别与参与者生活质量之间的关联，而P≤0.05将被认为是显着的。根据自填问卷，225名样本中周围神经病变的患病率为（44.4%），足部检查的患病率为（51.1%）。

As people progressed in age, the prevalence increased to 20.0% in patients above 60 years and 8.9% in ≤ 35 years of age. The majority of participants (56.0%) have had DM for less than five years. Females were 57.8% of the study population, while 97.8% of participants had type II DM. Below-knee amputation of the right limb was observed in 22(9.8%) of the participants.

随着年龄的增长，60岁以上患者的患病率增加到20.0%，35岁以下患者的患病率增加到8.9%。大多数参与者（56.0%）患有DM不到五年。女性占研究人群的57.8%，而97.8%的参与者患有II型糖尿病。在22名（9.8%）参与者中观察到右肢膝下截肢。

The QoL was poor in the majority of the participants (96.9%) patients with DM (P = 0.638 and T = -0.471). This cross-sectional study highlights a high prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and amputation and poor QoL in patients wit.

大多数参与者（96.9%）DM患者的生活质量较差（P=0.638，T=0.471）。。

IntroductionDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the non-communicable illnesses whose incidence is increasing globally. At least half of the patients with DM get Diabetic Neuropathy over time. In recent decades, DM has been more common in industrialized and developing countries. The prevalence of DM has sharply increased worldwide over the last few decades.

引言糖尿病（DM）是全球发病率不断上升的非传染性疾病之一。随着时间的推移，至少有一半的糖尿病患者会出现糖尿病神经病变。近几十年来，DM在工业化国家和发展中国家更为普遍。在过去的几十年中，全球DM的患病率急剧上升。

Diabetes affects an estimated 537 million adults worldwide between the ages of 20 to 79. By 2030, 643 million people will have diabetes globally, increasing to 783 million by 20451.Diabetes-related lower extremity problems affect roughly 131 million people worldwide. The prevalence of Diabetes in Pakistan was 11.77% in 2016, 16.98% in 2018 and 17.1% in 2019; this growing prevalence makes Pakistan among the top 10 countries in the world2.

据估计，全世界有5.37亿20至79岁的成年人患有糖尿病。到2030年，全球将有6.43亿人患有糖尿病，到20451年将增加到7.83亿。糖尿病相关的下肢问题影响全球约1.31亿人。2016年巴基斯坦糖尿病患病率为11.77%，2018年为16.98%，2019年为17.1%；这种日益增长的流行率使巴基斯坦跻身世界前10名国家之列2。

At least half of the patients with DM get diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) over time. Glucose control effectively slows the course of DPN in type I patients with DM , but the effect is smaller in type II patients with DM , who constitute the majority3,4. Chronic hyperglycemia, which is associated with poorly controlled DM, damages numerous organs and causes chronic diabetic complications, which can lead to physical or mental incapacities, decreased quality of life, and eventually death of the patient.

随着时间的推移，至少有一半的糖尿病患者会患上糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）。血糖控制有效地减缓了I型糖尿病患者的DPN进程，但在占大多数的II型糖尿病患者中效果较小3,4。慢性高血糖症与糖尿病控制不佳有关，会损害许多器官并导致慢性糖尿病并发症，从而导致身体或精神丧失能力，生活质量下降，最终导致患者死亡。

Diabetic foot is one of the most prevalent complications observed in DM 5.Patients with DM exhibit symptoms ranging from unexpected weight loss to increased urine, thirst, and hunger. Among these symptoms, neuropathy is a prevalent and major one, affecting 90% of patients6. Navarro-Flores et al. (2020) stated that Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is a common chronic consequence of DM and can negatively affect the overall well-being of these patients, leading to impairment in their quality o.

糖尿病足是DM 5中观察到的最普遍的并发症之一。DM患者表现出的症状从意外的体重减轻到尿液增加，口渴和饥饿。在这些症状中，神经病是一种普遍且主要的症状，影响90%的患者6。Navarro-Flores等人（2020年）指出，糖尿病足综合征（DFS）是糖尿病的常见慢性后果，可能对这些患者的整体健康产生负面影响，导致其质量受损。

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.Full size tableTable 1 shows the mean ± standard deviation age of participants along with the number of participants in different age groups. More than half of the participants, 126 (56%), have had DM for less than five years, and 1.3% of the participants have had DM for more than two decades.

表1糖尿病患者的人口统计学和临床特征。全尺寸表表1显示了参与者的平均±标准差年龄以及不同年龄组的参与者人数。超过一半的参与者（126人（56%）患有DM不到五年，1.3%的参与者患有DM超过二十年。

Female gender was dominant among the study participants, with one hundred and thirty participants (57.8%).Table 2 and Fig. 4 show scores of components of the AsianDQoL questionnaire. According to scores of individual components of the AsianDQoL questionnaire, the total Energy score ranged from 0–12 with a mean score 2.81 ± 1.82 standard deviation; the total Memory score ranged 0–16 with mean of 7.97 ± 4.53 standard deviation, the total Finance score ranged 0–20 with mean 6.38 ± 4.34 std dev, total Diet score ranged 0–12 with mean 3.77 ± 2.17 standard deviation.

女性在研究参与者中占主导地位，有130名参与者（57.8%）。表2和图4显示了AsianDQoL问卷的组成部分得分。根据AsianDQoL问卷各个组成部分的得分，总能量得分范围为0-12，平均得分为2.81±1.82标准差；总记忆评分范围为0-16，平均值为7.97±4.53标准差，总财务评分范围为0-20，平均值为6.38±4.34标准差，总饮食评分范围为0-12，平均值为3.77±2.17标准差。

The total score of AsianDQoL ranged from 0–60, with a mean of 20.95 and a standard deviation of 10.4..

AsianDQoL总分在0-60之间，平均值为20.95，标准差为10.4。。

Table 2 Scores of Components of Asian Diabetes Quality of Life (AsianDQOL) questionnaire.Full size tableFigure 4Scores of components of AsianDQoL.Full size imageTable 2 also shows the number of participants in subcategories of scores in each category of subsets of the AsialDQOL. In the total energy score, 188 participants of categories 0–4 signify 83.6%, 33 participants of the 5–8 category signify 14.7%, and 4 participants of the 9–12 category signify a 1.8% decrease in quality of life.

表2亚洲糖尿病生活质量（AsianDQOL）问卷的组成部分得分。全尺寸表图4 AsianDQoL组件的得分。全尺寸图像表2还显示了AsialDQOL每个子集中分数子类别的参与者数量。在总能量得分中，0-4类的188名参与者表示83.6%，5-8类的33名参与者表示14.7%，9-12类的4名参与者表示生活质量下降1.8%。

In the total memory score variable, 68 participants of category 0–4 show 30.2%, 78 participants of the 5–8 category show 34.7%, 47 participants of the 9–12 category show 20%, 32 participants of the 13–16 category show 14.2% of the population quality of life has been affected. In the total finance score variable, category 0–5 with 115 participants indicates 51.1%, category 6–10 with 89 participants shows 39.6%, 11–15 category with 15 participants shows 6.7%, category 16–20 with 6 participants shows 2.7% population quality of life has been affected.

在总记忆得分变量中，0-4类的68名参与者显示30.2%，5-8类的78名参与者显示34.7%，9-12类的47名参与者显示20%，13-16类的32名参与者显示14.2%的人口生活质量受到影响。在总财务得分变量中，0-5类（115名参与者）表示51.1%，6-10类（89名参与者）表示39.6%，11-15类（15名参与者）表示6.7%，16-20类（6名参与者）表示2.7%的人口生活质量受到影响。

In the Total Diet Score variable, a sample of 151 in categories 0–4 indicates 67.1%, a sample of 68 in categories 5–8 indicates 30.3, and a sample of 6 in categories 9–12 indicates 2.7% of the population's quality of life has been affected. In the total AsianDQol score variable, the sample below 45 is 218(96.6%), showing poor quality of life; five participants (2.2%) have a score of 45–50 moderate and only two (0.9%) fall in the category of score 50–55 reflecting a better QOL.Table 3 shows a comparison of the quality of life in both genders.

在总饮食评分变量中，0-4类样本151人表示67.1%，5-8类样本68人表示30.3，9-12类样本6人表示2.7%的人口生活质量受到影响。在总的AsianDQol评分变量中，低于45的样本为218（96.6%），表明生活质量较差；五名参与者（2.2%）的得分为45-50分，只有两名（0.9%）属于50-55分，反映出更好的生活质量。表3显示了男女生活质量的比较。

The male participants' total mean energy score is 2.78 with ± standard deviation of 1.82 (T = -0.168 and P = 0.867). The total memory score means the value is 8.21 with ± standard deviation of 4.59 (T = -0..

男性参与者的总平均能量得分为2.78，标准差为1.82（T=-0.168，P=-0.867）。总记忆得分意味着该值为8.21，标准差为4.59（T=-0）。。

Table 3 Comparison of Quality of Life (AsianDQoL) in Male and Female Participants.Full size tableTable 4 shows that according to MNSI questionnaire findings, 125 (55.6%) participants had a score of less than 7, reflecting absence of peripheral neuropathy, while 100 (44.4%) participants had a score of more than 7, indicating the presence of peripheral neuropathy in participants with DM.

表3男性和女性参与者的生活质量（AsianDQoL）比较。全尺寸表表4显示，根据MNSI问卷调查结果，125名（55.6%）参与者的得分低于7分，反映出没有周围神经病变，而100名（44.4%）参与者的得分超过7分，表明DM参与者存在周围神经病变。

While on the basis of clinical examination, 115 (51.1%) participants having scores equal to or greater than 2.5 indicated the presence of peripheral neuropathy..

根据临床检查，115名（51.1%）得分等于或大于2.5的参与者表示存在周围神经病变。。

Table 4 Prevalence of Peripheral Neuropathy.Full size tableTable 5 shows that the majority of the participants, 194 (86.2%), had no amputation. Only one participant (0.4%) undergone a hemipelvectomy, one participant had shorts above knee amputation, 22 (9.8%) participants had below knee amputation, one had Syme’s amputation and 6 (2.75%) participants underwent toe disarticulation due to DM of their right lower limb.

表4周围神经病变的患病率。。只有一名参与者（0.4%）接受了半骨盆切除术，一名参与者膝上截肢，22名（9.8%）参与者膝下截肢，一名患有Syme截肢，6名（2.75%）参与者因右下肢DM而接受了脚趾离断术。

While in the left lower limb, there was no amputation in 207 (92%) participants, shorts above knee amputation in 5 (2.2%) participants, standard below knee amputation in 8 (3.6%) participants, Syme's amputation in 1 (0.4%) participant, toe disarticulation in 4 (1.8%) participants. Overall, the standard below-knee amputation was observed at most in 22 (9.8%) participants on the right side..

而在左下肢，207名（92%）参与者没有截肢，5名（2.2%）参与者膝上短截肢，8名（3.6%）参与者膝下标准截肢，1名（0.4%）参与者Syme截肢，4名（1.8%）参与者脚趾离断。总体而言，在右侧的22名（9.8%）参与者中最多观察到标准膝下截肢。。

Table 5 Level of amputation in the right and left leg.Full size tableEthics approval and consent to participateThe ethical approval was obtained from the ethical review committee, CMH Lahore Medical College & IOD, wide reference no. 627/ERC/CMH/LMC. Before initiating any intervention, the risks and benefits of participation were discussed with all participants, who agreed voluntarily and signed the informed consent form.

表5右腿和左腿截肢水平。全尺寸表伦理批准和参与同意伦理批准是从CMH拉合尔医学院和IOD伦理审查委员会获得的，参考号为627/ERC/CMH/LMC。在开始任何干预之前，与所有参与者讨论了参与的风险和收益，他们自愿同意并签署了知情同意书。

The World Medical Association's (WMA) 2013 Declaration of Helsinki's ethical guidelines for medical research involving human participants were closely followed in this study.DiscussionA cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 225 patients (42.2% males and 57.8% females) with type I (2.2%) and type II DM (97.8%), having a diabetic history of fewer than five years in 56% of participants of age ranging from 35-70 years, The study aimed to scrutinize the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and amputation in patients with DM and evaluate their quality of life by utilizing the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument and the Asian Diabetic Quality of Life Questionnaire.

这项研究密切遵循了世界医学协会（WMA）2013年赫尔辛基宣言中涉及人类参与者的医学研究伦理准则。讨论对225名I型（2.2%）和II型糖尿病（97.8%）患者（男性42.2%，女性57.8%）进行了横断面观察性研究，56%的参与者年龄在35-70岁之间，糖尿病病史少于5年，该研究旨在通过使用密歇根神经病变筛查仪和亚洲糖尿病生活质量问卷来检查糖尿病患者周围神经病变和截肢的患病率，并评估他们的生活质量。

The levels of amputation from toe amputations to hemipelvectomy were observed.Martin CL et al. in 2014 found that the most common of these neuropathic disorders is chronic diabetic peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy (DPN), which affects up to 50% of persons with DM14. The study's findings revealed a significant prevalence of peripheral neuropathy among the participants, emphasizing the considerable burden of this complication in patients with DM.

观察从脚趾截肢到半骨盆切除术的截肢程度。Martin CL等人在2014年发现，这些神经性疾病中最常见的是慢性糖尿病周围感觉运动神经病（DPN），其影响多达50%的DM14患者。该研究的结果显示，参与者周围神经病变的患病率很高，强调了DM患者这种并发症的巨大负担。

Our study conducted on 225 patients with DM demonstrates the prevalence of DNP (diabetic peripheral neuropathy) using the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI) self-administer questionnaire (SAQ) was 44.4% and 51.1% on the basis.

我们对225名糖尿病患者进行的研究表明，使用密歇根神经病变筛查仪（MNSI）自我管理问卷（SAQ）的DNP（糖尿病周围神经病变）患病率分别为44.4%和51.1%。

Data availability

数据可用性

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

本研究中使用和/或分析的数据集可根据合理要求从通讯作者处获得。

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsThe authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University for funding through Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs; Rehabilitation Research Chair.

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The abstract of the study was accepted in IDF Virtual Congress 2023 for e-poster presentation and has been published in the official journal of the International Diabetes Foundation, 'Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 209S1 (2024) Abstracts IDF 2023, IDF2023-00047 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111347..

该研究的摘要已在2023年IDF虚拟大会上获得电子海报演示，并已发表在国际糖尿病基金会的官方杂志《糖尿病研究与临床实践209S1（2024）摘要IDF 2023，IDF2023-00047》上https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111347..

FundingThis study was funded by King Saud University, Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs; Rehabilitation Research Chair.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsSchool of Allied Health Sciences, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute of Dentistry, (NUMS Rawalpindi), Lahore, PakistanWajida Perveen, Hafsa Ahsan,  Rameen Shahzad, Samra Fayyaz, Ayesha Zaif & Mahnoor Asif ParachaDepartment of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaShibili NuhmaniRehabilitation Research Chair, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O.

资助这项研究由沙特国王大学，科学研究院长，科学研究主席副院长资助；康复研究主席。作者信息作者和附属机构CMH拉合尔医学院和牙科研究所联合健康科学学院（NUMS Rawalpindi），拉合尔，巴基斯坦瓦吉达·佩尔韦恩，Hafsa Ahsan，Rameen Shahzad，Samra Fayyaz，Ayesha Zaif＆Mahnoor Asif Parachae应用医学科学学院物理治疗系，伊玛目阿卜杜拉赫曼·本·费萨尔大学，达曼，沙特阿拉伯国王大学应用医学学院康复科学系Nuhmanireabilitation研究主席，P.O。

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsW.P., H.A., R.S., S.F., A.Z., and M.A.P. conceptualized the study and its methodology. S.N., M.K., and A.H.A. were involved in supervision. W.P., H.A., R.S., and S.F. were involved in data collection, curation, analysis, and writing the final draft of the manuscript.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献软件。P、 ，H.A.，R.S.，S.F.，A.Z。和M.A.P.对研究及其方法进行了概念化。S、 N.，M.K.和A.H.A.参与了监督。W、 P.，H.A.，R.S。和S.F.参与了数据收集，策划，分析和撰写手稿的最终草稿。

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articlePerveen, W., Ahsan, H., Rameen Shahzad et al. Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy, amputation, and quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus.

转载和许可本文引用本文Perveen，W.，Ahsan，H.，Rameen-Shahzad等。糖尿病患者周围神经病变，截肢和生活质量的患病率。

Sci Rep 14, 14430 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65495-2Download citationReceived: 07 November 2023Accepted: 20 June 2024Published: 23 June 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65495-2Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

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KeywordsPeripheral neuropathyAmputationQuality of lifeDiabetes MellitusMichigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI)Asian Diabetic Quality of Life Questionnaire (AsianDQOL)

关键词周围神经病变生活质量糖尿病Mellitus密歇根神经病变筛查仪（MNSI）亚洲糖尿病生活质量问卷（AsianDQOL）

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