AbstractFlavonoids are crucial secondary metabolites that possess the ability to mitigate UV damage and withstand both biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, it is of immense significance to investigate the flavonoid content as a pivotal indicator for a comprehensive assessment of chestnut's drought tolerance.

摘要黄酮类化合物是重要的次生代谢产物，具有减轻紫外线损伤和抵抗生物和非生物胁迫的能力。因此，研究黄酮类化合物含量作为综合评估板栗抗旱性的关键指标具有重要意义。

This study aimed to determine the flavonoid content and drought tolerance-related physiological and biochemical indices of six chestnut varieties (clones) grafted trees—Qianxi 42 (QX42), Qinglong 45 (QL45), Yanshanzaofeng (YSZF), Yanzi (YZ), Yanqiu (YQ), and Yanlong (YL)-under natural drought stress.

本研究旨在测定自然干旱胁迫下6个板栗品种（无性系）嫁接树黔西42（QX42）、青龙45（QL45）、燕山早丰（YSZF）、燕子（YZ）、燕秋（YQ）和燕龙（YL）的黄酮含量和耐旱相关生理生化指标。

The results were used to comprehensively analyze the drought tolerance ability of these varieties. The study revealed that the ranking of drought tolerance indices in terms of their ability to reflect drought tolerance was as follows: superoxide (oxide) dismutase (SOD) activity, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, flavone content, catalase (CAT) activity, proline (PRO) content, soluble sugar content, peroxidase (POD) activity, betaine content, flavonol content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, soluble protein content, superoxide ion (OFR) content, superoxide (ion OFR) production rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, chlorophyll content.

结果用于综合分析这些品种的耐旱能力。研究表明，耐旱指数在反映耐旱性方面的排名如下：超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性，抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性，黄酮含量，过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，脯氨酸（PRO）含量，可溶性糖含量，过氧化物酶（POD）活性，甜菜碱含量，黄酮醇含量，过氧化氢（H2O2）含量，可溶性蛋白质含量，超氧化物离子（OFR）含量，超氧化物（OFR）产生率，丙二醛（MDA）含量，叶绿素含量。

Through principal component analysis, the contents of flavonoids and flavonols can be used as indicators for comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance of chestnut. The comprehensive evaluation order of drought tolerance of grafted trees of 6 chestnut varieties (Clones) was: QL45 > QX42 > YQ > YZ > YSZF > YL..

通过主成分分析，黄酮和黄酮醇的含量可以作为综合评价板栗抗旱性的指标。6个板栗品种（无性系）嫁接树抗旱性综合评价顺序为：QL45＞QX42＞YQ＞YZ＞YSZF＞YL。。

IntroductionChestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume), belonging to Castanea mollissima, has a long cultivation history and is an economically important fruit tree species with wide distribution, diverse processing products and high comprehensive utilization value1. The fruit industry across the world is facing a major constraint in the form of drought due to climate change.

引言板栗（Castanea mollissima Blume）属于板栗属，栽培历史悠久，是一种经济上重要的果树品种，分布广泛，加工产品多样，综合利用价值高1。由于气候变化，世界各地的水果业正面临干旱的主要制约因素。

This has led to a significant hindrance in its development2,3. Accurate evaluation of drought tolerance of chestnut is very important for selecting cultivars and improving the yield and quality of chestnut4. Water determines the species and quantity of plants5,6. Changes in the physiological responses of plants to drought tolerance have been extensively studied such as changes in physiological indices, e.g., root morphology, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant enzyme activity7,8,9,10.

这导致了其发展的重大障碍2,3。准确评估板栗的耐旱性对于选择品种和提高板栗的产量和品质非常重要。水决定了植物的种类和数量5,6。已经广泛研究了植物对耐旱性的生理反应的变化，例如生理指标的变化，例如根形态，渗透调节和抗氧化酶活性7,8,9,10。

When plants are subjected to drought stress, leaves are most sensitive to drought. Under drought conditions, water transport is slow or even stops, which hinders photosynthesis and affects plant survival and development. Chlorophyll, leaf relative water content and nutrient content stored are significantly reduced, and finally, the yield is reduced11.

当植物受到干旱胁迫时，叶片对干旱最敏感。在干旱条件下，水分运输缓慢甚至停止，这阻碍了光合作用，影响了植物的生存和发育。叶绿素，叶片相对含水量和储存的养分含量显着降低，最终产量降低11。

Generally, the osmotic substances in leaves significantly increase with the deepening of drought such as the accumulation of soluble sugar, proline (PRO) and betaine. Osmotic regulation can help plants stabilize cell expansion, maintain normal photosynthesis, protect enzyme activity and improve drought tolerance12.Under drought stress, the antioxidant system in plants also responds to drought stress in a timely manner, improving the activities of related enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) to remove harmful substances produced by drought in plants an.

一般来说，叶片中的渗透物质随着干旱的加深而显着增加，例如可溶性糖，脯氨酸（PRO）和甜菜碱的积累。渗透调节可以帮助植物稳定细胞扩张，维持正常的光合作用，保护酶活性并提高耐旱性12。在干旱胁迫下，植物的抗氧化系统也会及时响应干旱胁迫，提高相关酶如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性，以去除植物干旱产生的有害物质。

Data availability

数据可用性

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

本研究中使用和/或分析的数据集可根据合理要求从通讯作者处获得。

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研究了MeJA对甘遂黄酮积累的影响以及EkFLS（黄酮醇合酶）基因的功能验证和表达调控。。https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract（2020）（中文）。He，W.山葡萄种质资源抗寒性评价方法的建立与评价。

Dissertation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract (2015) (in Chinese).Download referencesAuthor informationAuthors and AffiliationsCollege of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Changli, 066600, ChinaYangjuan Zeng, Chunlei Guo, Meng Wang, Junting Jin, Keyan Yu, Jingzheng Zhang & Fei CaoEngineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, Qinhuangdao, 066004, ChinaYangjuan Zeng, Chunlei Guo, Meng Wang, Junting Jin, Keyan Yu, Jingzheng Zhang & Fei CaoHebei Key Laboratory of Horticultural Germplasm Excavation and Innovative Utilization, Qinhuangdao, 066004, ChinaYangjuan Zeng, .

论文，中国农业科学院。https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract（2015）（中文）。下载参考文献作者信息作者及所属河北科技师范大学园艺科学与技术学院，昌黎，066600，中国杨娟曾，郭春雷，王蒙，金俊婷，余可燕，张景正，曹飞飞教育部板栗产业技术工程研究中心，秦皇岛，066004，曾阳娟，郭春雷，王蒙，金俊婷，余可燕，张景正，曹飞飞河北省园艺种质发掘与创新利用重点实验室，秦皇岛，066004，曾阳娟。

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsDesigning the work, Yangjuan Zeng, Chunlei Guo, Junting Jin, Jingzheng Zhang, Fei Cao; running the experiments, Yangjuan Zeng, Chunlei Guo, Junting Jin, Fei Cao; data analysis and statistics, Yangjuan Zeng, Meng Wang, Junting Jin, Keyan Yu; manuscript writing and revising, Yangjuan Zeng, Meng Wang, Keyan Yu, Jingzheng Zhang, Fei Cao.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献设计作品，曾阳娟，郭春雷，金俊婷，张静正，曹飞；运行实验，曾杨娟，郭春雷，金俊婷，曹飞；数据分析与统计，曾阳娟，王蒙，金俊婷，余克艳；稿件撰写和修订，曾阳娟，王蒙，余可研，张景正，曹飞。

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleZeng, Y., Guo, C., Wang, M. et al. Comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance of six Chinese chestnut varieties (clones) based on flavonoids and other physiological indexes.

转载和许可本文引用本文Zeng，Y.，Guo，C.，Wang，M。等。基于黄酮类化合物和其他生理指标对六个板栗品种（无性系）耐旱性的综合评价。

Sci Rep 14, 14511 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65479-2Download citationReceived: 14 January 2024Accepted: 20 June 2024Published: 24 June 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65479-2Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

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KeywordsChestnutComprehensive evaluation of drought toleranceDrought stressPrincipal component analysisSubordinate function

关键词抗旱性综合评价干旱胁迫主成分分析隶属函数

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