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AbstractThe DNA methylation field has matured from a phase of discovery and genomic characterization to one seeking deeper functional understanding of how this modification contributes to development, ageing and disease. In particular, the past decade has seen many exciting mechanistic discoveries that have substantially expanded our appreciation for how this generic, evolutionarily ancient modification can be incorporated into robust epigenetic codes.
摘要DNA甲基化领域已经从发现和基因组表征的阶段成熟到寻求对这种修饰如何促进发育,衰老和疾病的更深入功能理解的阶段。特别是,在过去的十年中,我们看到了许多令人兴奋的机制发现,这些发现大大扩展了我们对这种通用的,进化上古老的修饰如何被纳入强大的表观遗传密码的认识。
Here, we summarize the current understanding of the distinct DNA methylation landscapes that emerge over the mammalian lifespan and discuss how they interact with other regulatory layers to support diverse genomic functions. We then review the rising interest in alternative patterns found during senescence and the somatic transition to cancer.
在这里,我们总结了目前对哺乳动物寿命中出现的不同DNA甲基化景观的理解,并讨论了它们如何与其他调控层相互作用以支持多种基因组功能。然后,我们回顾了在衰老和向癌症的体细胞转变过程中发现的替代模式的兴趣日益增加。
Alongside advancements in single-cell and long-read sequencing technologies, the collective insights made across these fields offer new opportunities to connect the biochemical and genetic features of DNA methylation to cell physiology, developmental potential and phenotype..
除了单细胞和长读测序技术的进步外,这些领域的集体见解为将DNA甲基化的生化和遗传特征与细胞生理学,发育潜力和表型联系起来提供了新的机会。。
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Fig. 1: The somatic DNA methylation landscape.Fig. 2: Major hubs of DNMT-supported genome regulation.Fig. 3: Dynamic DNA methylation landscapes during early embryonic and germ-line development.Fig. 4: Aberrant DNA methylation changes during tumorigenesis.Fig. 5: Sources and examples of intermolecular and intramolecular DNA methylation heterogeneity..
图1:体细胞DNA甲基化景观。图2:DNMT支持的基因组调控的主要枢纽。图3:早期胚胎和种系发育过程中的动态DNA甲基化景观。图4:肿瘤发生过程中异常的DNA甲基化变化。图5:分子间和分子内DNA甲基化异质性的来源和例子。。
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Download referencesAcknowledgementsThe authors thank all members of the Meissner, Smith and Kretzmer laboratories for thoughtful discussions and feedback in topics related to this manuscript. The authors thank H. Kretzmer, C. Haggerty, J. Charlton, M. Cui, J. Villagrana, R. Tornisiello and K.
下载参考文献致谢作者感谢Meissner,Smith和Kretzmer实验室的所有成员对与本手稿相关的主题进行了深思熟虑的讨论和反馈。作者感谢H.Kretzmer,C.Haggerty,J.Charlton,M.Cui,J.Villagrana,R.Tornisiello和K。
Tse for discussions on topics related to this work. This work was supported by the Max Planck Society (A.M.), the NIH New Innovator Award DP2HD108774 (Z.D.S.), Mathers Foundation (Z.D.S.) and Chen Innovation Award (Z.D.S.).Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USAZachary D.
这项工作得到了马克斯·普朗克学会(A.M.)、美国国立卫生研究院新创新者奖DP2HD108774(Z.D.S.)、马瑟斯基金会(Z.D.S.)和陈创新奖(Z.D.S.)的支持。作者信息作者和附属机构美国康涅狄格州纽黑文耶鲁医学院耶鲁干细胞中心遗传学系。
SmithDepartment of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, GermanySara Hetzel & Alexander MeissnerAuthorsZachary D. SmithView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.
SmithDepartment of Genome Regulation,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics,Berlin,GermanySara Hetzel&Alexander MeissnerAuthorsZachary D.SmithView作者出版物您也可以在中搜索这位作者。
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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsAll authors researched data for the article, contributed substantially to discussion of the content and reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission. A.M and Z.D.S. wrote the article.Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to
PubMed谷歌学术贡献所有作者都研究了文章的数据,为内容的讨论做出了重大贡献,并在提交前审查和/或编辑了手稿。A、 M和Z.D.S.写了这篇文章。通讯作者通讯
Zachary D. Smith or Alexander Meissner.Ethics declarations
扎卡里·D·史密斯或亚历山大·梅斯纳。道德宣言
Competing interests
相互竞争的利益
A.M. and Z.D.S. are inventors on a patent related to hypermethylated CGI targets in cancer. Z.D.S. and A.M. are co-founders and scientific advisers of Harbinger Health. S.H. declares no competing interests.
A、 M.和Z.D.S.是一项与癌症中高甲基化CGI靶标相关的专利的发明人。Z、 D.S.和A.M.是先兆健康的联合创始人和科学顾问。S。H、 宣布没有利益冲突。
Peer review
同行评审
Peer review information
同行评审信息
Nature Reviews Genetics thanks Yi Zhang and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
《自然评论》遗传学感谢张毅和另一位匿名审稿人为这项工作的同行评审做出的贡献。
Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Glossary‘2 cell’ or ‘totipotent’ programmes
Additional informationPublisher的注释Springer Nature在已发布的地图和机构隶属关系中的管辖权主张方面保持中立。词汇表“2单元”或“全能”计划
Early zygotic genome activation signatures within mammalian embryos, typically characterized by a limited transcriptional burst from retrotransposon-derived sequences during the early cleavage divisions.
哺乳动物胚胎内的早期合子基因组激活特征,通常以早期卵裂分裂期间逆转录转座子衍生序列的有限转录爆发为特征。
B compartments
B隔间
Genomic compartments characterized by chromosome capture technologies and found to overlap with numerous additional features of constitutively methylated heterochromatin.
基因组区室以染色体捕获技术为特征,并发现与组成型甲基化异染色质的许多其他特征重叠。
Bimodal methylation pattern
双峰甲基化模式
When measured for a population of somatic cells, the CpG methylation status frequently maintains very high methylation (close to 100%) for CpG-poor sequences or very low methylation (close to 0%) for CpG-rich sequences.
当对体细胞群体进行测量时,CpG甲基化状态对于CpG贫乏的序列经常保持非常高的甲基化(接近100%),对于富含CpG的序列则保持非常低的甲基化(接近0%)。
Bivalent domains
二价结构域
Genomic territories typically found over developmental gene promoters, with an architecture of broadly distributed histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and CpG island (CGI)-enriched H3K4me3.
基因组区域通常存在于发育基因启动子上,具有广泛分布的组蛋白H3赖氨酸27三甲基化(H3K27me3)和富含CpG岛(CGI)的H3K4me3的结构。
CXXC domain
CXXC domain
A cysteine-X-X-cysteine-X-X-cysteine motif-containing zinc finger domain that shows preferential binding to unmethylated CpG-containing sequences and is found within multiple chromatin modifiers associated with CpG island (CGI) regulation.
含有锌指结构域的半胱氨酸-X-X-半胱氨酸-X-X-半胱氨酸基序,其显示出与未甲基化的含CpG序列的优先结合,并且在与CpG岛(CGI)调节相关的多个染色质修饰剂中发现。
DNA methylation valleys
DNA甲基化谷
(DMVs). Multi-kilobase genomic territories that are generally maintained in a constitutively unmethylated state, often comprise multiple CpG islands (CGIs) and tend to surround the transcription start sites of developmental genes.
(DMV)。通常维持在组成型非甲基化状态的多千碱基基因组区域通常包含多个CpG岛(CGI),并且倾向于围绕发育基因的转录起始位点。
Endogenous retroviruses
内源性逆转录病毒
(ERVs). Endogenous retrotransposons derived from exogenous retroviruses that largely function according to their biology, including tRNA-primed reverse transcription and assembly of cytoplasmic viral-like capsids.
(ERVs)。源自外源逆转录病毒的内源性逆转录转座子,其主要根据其生物学功能发挥作用,包括tRNA引发的逆转录和细胞质病毒样衣壳的组装。
Epigenetic clocks
表观遗传钟
Inferences of chronological or biological age through the measurement of methylation at limited subsets of CpG dinucleotides.
通过测量CpG二核苷酸有限亚群的甲基化来推断时间或生物学年龄。
Epigenetic transmission
表观遗传传递
The propagation of a phenotypic or molecular signature without underlying genetic control, including over cell division (mitotic) or organismal generations (transgenerational).
表型或分子特征的传播,没有潜在的遗传控制,包括细胞分裂(有丝分裂)或生物世代(跨代)。
Epi-polymorphisms
Epi多态性
The within sample-based deviation in CpG methylation patterns across individually measured sequencing reads; generally, higher numbers of epi-polymorphisms are indicative of greater cellular or allelic heterogeneity within the sample.
单独测量的测序读数中CpG甲基化模式的基于样本内的偏差;通常,较高数量的epi多态性表明样品中更大的细胞或等位基因异质性。
Facultative heterochromatin
兼性异染色质
A generic term for more dynamic, less repetitive heterochromatin that emerges within developmental contexts and typically functions in the process of inducible gene regulation.
一个通用术语,表示在发育环境中出现的更具动态性,重复性更低的异染色质,通常在诱导型基因调控过程中起作用。
Induced pluripotency
诱导多能性
The direct induction of embryonic stem cell (ESC) transcriptional programmes and functional properties using a reduced number of stem cell-associated factors.
使用减少数量的干细胞相关因子直接诱导胚胎干细胞(ESC)转录程序和功能特性。
Intracisternal A-type particles
脑池内A型粒子
(IAPs). A major rodent endogenous retrovirus (ERV) named for the detection of viral-like particles within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum; a frequent model for characterizing epigenetic regulator function.
(IAPs)。一种主要的啮齿动物内源性逆转录病毒(ERV),以检测内质网池内的病毒样颗粒而命名;表征表观遗传调节功能的常见模型。
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
异柠檬酸脱氢酶
(IDH). An enzyme that catalyses decarboxylation of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate, a major metabolic intermediate of the Krebs cycle that also serves as an essential co-factor for histone demethylases and ten–eleven translocation (TET) enzymes.
(IDH)。一种催化异柠檬酸脱羧成α-酮戊二酸的酶,α-酮戊二酸是克雷布斯循环的主要代谢中间体,也是组蛋白脱甲基酶和十一易位(TET)酶的重要辅助因子。
Krüppel-associated box domain zinc finger proteins
Krüppel相关的box结构域锌指蛋白
(KRAB-ZFPs). A rapidly evolving gene family that largely functions to repress parasitic genomic elements; these proteins contain an amino-terminal KRAB domain for recruiting epigenetic repressor complexes and a carboxy-terminal array of zinc fingers to enable sequence-specific binding.
(KRAB ZFPs)。一个快速发展的基因家族,其主要功能是抑制寄生虫基因组元件;这些蛋白质含有用于募集表观遗传阻遏物复合物的氨基末端KRAB结构域和锌指的羧基末端阵列,以实现序列特异性结合。
Lamina-associated domains
薄层相关域
(LADs). Large-scale genomic features characterized by high-frequency interactions with the nuclear lamina, which is enriched for constitutively methylated heterochromatin.
(小伙子们)。大规模基因组特征的特征是与核层的高频相互作用,核层富含组成型甲基化异染色质。
Large organized chromatin K9 modifications
大量有组织的染色质K9修饰
(LOCKs). Large-scale genomic features characterized by generally inert, gene-poor DNA, found via profiling of the heterochromatic modification histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2).
(锁)。通过分析异色修饰组蛋白H3赖氨酸9二甲基化(H3K9me2)发现的大规模基因组特征,其特征是通常是惰性的,基因贫乏的DNA。
Long interspersed nuclear elements
长散布的核元素
(LINEs). Ancient non-viral derived retrotransposons that comprise large fractions of mammalian genomes and replicate via a unique mechanism that primes reverse transcription directly from host DNA.
(行)。古代非病毒衍生的逆转录转座子,包含大部分哺乳动物基因组,并通过直接从宿主DNA引发逆转录的独特机制进行复制。
Nucleosome remodelling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex
核小体重塑和脱乙酰酶(NuRD)复合物
An ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex associated with gene silencing and heterochromatin assembly, including subunits involved in nucleosome positioning and histone deacetylation.
与基因沉默和异染色质组装相关的ATP依赖性染色质重塑复合物,包括参与核小体定位和组蛋白脱乙酰化的亚基。
Oncometabolite
肿瘤代谢物
A term used for metabolites that generically exhibit higher levels in tumours versus healthy cells, including mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-produced 2-hydroxyglutarate that grossly inhibits ten–eleven translocation (TETs) and histone demethylases within glioblastomas (GBMs) and myeloid leukaemias..
一个术语,用于描述在肿瘤中通常比健康细胞表现出更高水平的代谢物,包括突变的异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)产生的2-羟基戊二酸,其严重抑制胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)和髓样白血病中的10-11易位(TET)和组蛋白脱甲基酶。。
Shannon’s entropy
香农熵
A general measurement of information content within a distribution; used in DNA methylation research to distinguish how intermediate methylation is distributed across cell populations from individually measured sequencing reads.
分布中信息内容的一般度量;用于DNA甲基化研究,以区分中间甲基化如何从单独测量的测序读数分布在细胞群中。
Topologically associated domains
拓扑关联域
(TADs). Genomic territories that are predicted by chromatin conformation capture assays to self-interact with a higher than average frequency and are often restricted by CTCF-enriched boundary elements.
(TADs)。通过染色质构象捕获分析预测的基因组区域以高于平均频率的自我相互作用,并且通常受到富含CTCF的边界元素的限制。
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& Meissner, A. DNA methylation in mammalian development and disease..
&Meissner,A。哺乳动物发育和疾病中的DNA甲基化。。
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