AbstractTerahertz (THz) wireless communication holds immense potential to revolutionize future 6G to XG networks with high capacity, low latency and extensive connectivity. Efficient THz beamformers are essential for energy-efficient connections, compensating path loss, optimizing resource usage and enhancing spectral efficiency.

摘要太赫兹（THz）无线通信具有巨大的潜力，有望以高容量，低延迟和广泛的连接彻底改变未来的6G到XG网络。高效的太赫兹波束形成器对于节能连接、补偿路径损耗、优化资源利用和提高频谱效率至关重要。

However, current beamformers face several challenges, including notable loss, limited bandwidth, constrained spatial coverage and poor integration with on-chip THz circuits. Here we present an on-chip broadband THz topological beamformer using valley vortices for waveguiding, splitting and perfect isolation in waveguide phased arrays, featuring 184 densely packed valley-locked waveguides, 54 power splitters and 136 sharp bends.

然而，目前的波束形成器面临着一些挑战，包括显着的损耗，有限的带宽，受限的空间覆盖以及与片上THz电路的集成度差。在这里，我们介绍了一种片上宽带THz拓扑波束形成器，它使用谷涡在波导相控阵中进行波导，分裂和完美隔离，具有184个密集堆积的谷锁定波导，54个功分器和136个急弯。

Leveraging neural-network-assisted inverse design, the beamformer achieves complete 360° azimuthal beamforming with gains of up to 20 dBi, radiating THz signals into free space with customizable user-defined beams. Photoexciting the all-silicon beamformer enables reconfigurable control of THz beams.

利用神经网络辅助逆设计，波束形成器实现了完整的360°方位波束形成，增益高达20dBi，通过可定制的用户定义波束将太赫兹信号辐射到自由空间。光激励全硅波束形成器可实现太赫兹波束的可重构控制。

The low-loss and broadband beamformer enables a 72-Gbps chip-to-chip wireless link over 300 mm and eight simultaneous 40-Gbps wireless links. Using four of these links, we demonstrate point-to-4-point real-time HD video streaming. Our work provides a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible THz topological photonic integrated circuit for efficient large-scale beamforming, enabling massive single-input multiple-output and multiple-input and multiple-output systems for terabit-per-second 6G to XG wireless communications..

低损耗宽带波束形成器能够在300毫米范围内实现72 Gbps芯片间无线链路和八个同时进行的40 Gbps无线链路。使用其中的四个链接，我们演示了点对4点实时高清视频流。我们的工作提供了一种互补的金属氧化物-半导体兼容的THz拓扑光子集成电路，用于高效的大规模波束形成，实现了每秒6G到XG无线通信的大规模单输入多输出和多输入多输出系统。。

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Fig. 1: Multi-link THz topological beamformer silicon chip for 6G to XG wireless.Fig. 2: Topological valley-vortices-driven robust guiding, power splitting and channel isolation.Fig. 3: Intrinsic and NN-assisted inverse-designed topological beamformers.Fig. 4: THz wireless communication with eight 40 Gbit s−1 links and point-to-multipoint HDTV streaming..

图1：用于6G到XG无线的多链路THz拓扑波束形成器硅芯片。图2：拓扑谷涡驱动的稳健引导，功率分裂和通道隔离。图3：本征和神经网络辅助逆设计拓扑波束形成器。图4：具有八个40 Gbit s-1链路和点对多点HDTV流的THz无线通信。。

Data availability

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All the data in this study are openly available in the NTU research data repository DR-NTU at https://doi.org/10.21979/N9/UKLX3D.

这项研究中的所有数据都可以在NTU研究数据库DR-NTU中公开获得https://doi.org/10.21979/N9/UKLX3D.

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsWe acknowledge the support from the National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore, grant no. NRF-CRP23-2019-0005 (TERACOMM). G.D. and P.S. acknowledge the characterization testbeds supported by the France 2030 programmes, PEPR (Programmes et Equipements Prioritaires pour la Recherche) and CPER Wavetech.

下载参考文献致谢我们感谢新加坡国家研究基金会（NRF）的支持，批准号为NRF-CRP23-2019-0005（TERACOMM）。G、 D.和P.S.感谢法国2030计划、PEPR（计划和设备优先研究）和CPER Wavetech支持的表征试验台。

The PEPR is operated by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), under the grants ANR-22-PEEL-0006 (FUNTERA, PEPR ‘Electronics’) and ANR-22-PEFT-0006 (NF-SYSTERA, PEPR 5 G and beyond—Future Networks). The Contrat de Plan Etat-Region (CPER) WaveTech is supported by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Hauts-de-France Regional Council, the Lille European Metropolis (MEL), the Institute of Physics of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDivision of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeWenhao Wang, Yi Ji Tan, Thomas CaiWei Tan, Abhishek Kumar & Ranjan SinghCentre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeWenhao Wang, Yi Ji Tan, Thomas CaiWei Tan, Abhishek Kumar & Ranjan SinghInstitute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, SingaporePrakash PitchappaUniversité de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, FrancePascal SzriftgiserUniversité de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Institut d’Electronique, Microélectronique et Nanotechnologie, Lille, FranceGuillaume DucournauDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.

PEPR由Nationale de la Recherche（ANR）在ANR-22-PEEL-0006（FUNTERA，PEPR“Electronics”）和ANR-22-PEFT-0006（NF-SYSTERA，PEPR 5G和beyond Future Network）的资助下运营。高等教育和研究部、法兰西上州区域委员会、里尔欧洲大都会（MEL）、法国国家科学研究中心（CNRS）物理研究所和欧洲区域发展基金（ERDF）支持计划-埃塔特地区（CPER）WaveTech。作者信息作者和附属机构新加坡南洋理工大学物理与数学科学学院物理与应用物理系，新加坡王文浩，Tan Yi Ji Tan，Thomas CaiWei Tan，Abhishek Kumar&Ranjan SinghCentre for Disruptive Photonics Technologies，The Photonics Institute，Nanyang Technology University，Singapore，Wenhao Wang，Tan Yi Ji Tan，Thomas CaiWei Tan，Abhishek Kumar&Ranjan SinghInstitute of Microelectronics，Agency for Science，Technology and Research，Singapore Prakash PitchapparUniversitéde Lille，CNRS，里尔环礁和分子，里尔，法国巴黎大学里尔分校，CNRS，UMR 8520-IEMN，电子研究所，微电子和纳米技术，里尔，法国巴黎大学，电子工程系，圣母大学，圣母大学，美国印第安纳州。

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsW.W. and R.S. conceived the idea; W.W., Y.J.T., A.K. and R.S. designed the experiments; W.W. performed the simulation; Y.J.T. performed the NN-assisted inverse design of the topological beamformers; P.P. fabricated a portion of the intrinsic AB-type topological beamformer samples; T.C.T.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献软件。W、 R.S.构思了这个想法；W、 W.，Y.J.T.，A.K.和R.S.设计了实验；W、 W.进行了模拟；Y、 ；P、 P.制造了一部分固有的AB型拓扑波束形成器样品；T、 C.T。

led the overall sample fabrication; W.W. performed the on-chip transmission and two-dimensional radiation pattern measurements with the help of T.C.T.; W.W. and R.S. designed the phototunable beamforming experiment; W.W. performed the active tuning measurements with the help of T.C.T.; G.D. performed the vector network analyser transmission, antenna gain and 3D radiation pattern measurements; P.S.

领导整体样品制作；W、 W.在T.C.T.的帮助下进行了片上传输和二维辐射模式测量。；W、 W.和R.S.设计了光可调谐波束形成实验；W、 W.在T.C.T.的帮助下进行了主动调谐测量。；G、 D.进行矢量网络分析仪传输、天线增益和3D辐射方向图测量；P、 S。

and G.D. performed THz wireless communication experiments; W.W., Y.J.T., A.K., G.D. and R.S. analysed all the data; W.W. and R.S. wrote the paper with inputs from all co-authors; and R.S. led the overall project.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to.

和G.D.进行了THz无线通信实验；W、 W.，Y.J.T.，A.K.，G.D.和R.S.分析了所有数据；W、 W.和R.S.在所有合著者的投入下撰写了这篇论文；R.S.领导了整个项目。对应作者对应。

Ranjan Singh.Ethics declarations

兰扬·辛格。道德宣言

Competing interests

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Peer review

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Peer review information

同行评审信息

Nature thanks Yasaman Ghasempour, Jianwei Wang and Daniel van der Weide for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.

Nature感谢Yasaman Ghasempour、王建伟和Daniel van der Weide为这项工作的同行评审做出的贡献。同行评审报告可供查阅。

Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Extended data figures and tablesExtended Data Fig. 1 Topological power splitters.Optical images of four-channel (4-CH) a AB-type and b BA-type topological power splitters.

Additional informationPublisher的注释Springer Nature在已发布的地图和机构隶属关系中的管辖权主张方面保持中立。扩展数据图和表扩展数据图1拓扑功率分配器。四通道（4-CH）a AB型和b BA型拓扑功分器的光学图像。

Type A (B) VPC unit cell is highlighted with a purple (orange) color. The AB-type and BA-type zigzag interfaces are marked with red and blue dotted lines, respectively. The 4-CH AB-type (BA-type) power splitter is composed of an AB-type (BA-type) zigzag interface on the left channel CH 1 and three BA-type (AB-type) zigzag interfaces on the right channels CHs 2-4.Extended Data Fig.

A（B）型专有网络单元以紫色（橙色）突出显示。AB型和BA型之字形界面分别用红色和蓝色虚线标记。4通道AB型（BA型）功分器由左通道CH 1上的AB型（BA型）之字形接口和右通道CHs 2-4上的三个BA型（AB型）之字形接口组成。扩展数据图。

2 Intrinsic broadband topological waveguide phased arrays.Simulated a (c) transmission and b (d) phase of the 16 radiating channels of AB- (BA-) type four-stage topological beamformer. The 16 channels of AB- (BA-) type beamformer have similar transmission while showing intrinsic π (0) phase difference between adjacent channels over the entire broad bandwidth of 26.5 GHz (18.9 GHz).

2固有宽带拓扑波导相控阵。。AB-（BA）型波束形成器的16个通道具有相似的传输，同时在26.5 GHz（18.9 GHz）的整个宽带上显示相邻通道之间的固有π（0）相位差。

e Simulated and measured transmission of BA-type topological beamformers having different numbers of tapers by summing the transmission of all the channels. The shaded gray area of the measured transmission spectrum indicates the standard error.Extended Data Fig. 3 Optical images of AB-type topological beamformers.The optical images show the evolution of the AB-type topological beamformers from the zero-stage having 20 = 1 output taper to four-stage having 24 = 16 output tapers.Extended Data Fig.

。测量的透射光谱的阴影灰色区域表示标准误差。扩展数据图3 AB型拓扑波束形成器的光学图像。光学图像显示了AB型拓扑波束形成器从具有20 =1输出锥度的零级到具有24 =16输出锥度的四级的演变。扩展数据图。

4 Evolution of the far-field radiation pattern of intrinsic AB-type topological beamformer with the stage number.a,b,c Measured and simulated azimuthal radiation patterns of the intrinsic AB-type two-.

4本征AB型拓扑波束形成器远场辐射方向图随级数的演变。a，b，c测量和模拟了本征AB型2-的方位辐射方向图。

Nature 632, 522–527 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07759-5Download citationReceived: 02 April 2024Accepted: 26 June 2024Published: 14 August 2024Issue Date: 15 August 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07759-5Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

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