AbstractMetabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a disease that causes an abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver, triggering inflammation and fibrosis, the mechanism of which is not fully understood and for which there is a lack of specific drug therapy. Far-infrared radiation (FIR) has demonstrated evident therapeutic efficacy across various diseases, and novel nanomaterial graphene patches can emit it through electric heating.

摘要代谢功能障碍相关脂肪肝病（MAFLD）是一种导致肝脏脂肪异常积聚，引发炎症和纤维化的疾病，其机制尚不完全清楚，缺乏特异性药物治疗。远红外辐射（FIR）已在各种疾病中显示出明显的治疗效果，新型纳米材料石墨烯贴片可以通过电加热发出它。

This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of FIR against MAFLD. Mice were fed with a MCD diet to mimic MAFLD progression, and histopathology analysis, biochemical analysis, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting analysis were performed to assess the effect of FIR on MAFLD in vivo. The effect of FIR treatment on MAFLD in vitro was investigated by biochemical analysis and gene expression profiling of hepatocytes.

本研究旨在探讨杉木对MAFLD的潜在保护作用。给小鼠喂食MCD饮食以模拟MAFLD进展，并进行组织病理学分析，生化分析，RT-qPCR和蛋白质印迹分析以评估FIR对体内MAFLD的影响。。

Mice subjected to the MCD diet and treated with FIR exhibited reduced hepatic lipid deposition, inflammation, fibrosis and liver damage. The therapeutic effect exerted by FIR in mice may be caused by the enhancement of AMPK phosphorylation and inhibition of the TGFβ1-SMAD2/3 pathway. Besides, FIR intervention alleviated MAFLD in hepatocytes in vitro and the results were verified by gene expression profiling.

接受MCD饮食并用FIR治疗的小鼠表现出减少的肝脏脂质沉积，炎症，纤维化和肝损伤。FIR在小鼠中发挥的治疗作用可能是由AMPK磷酸化的增强和TGFβ1-SMAD2/3途径的抑制引起的。此外，FIR干预减轻了体外肝细胞中的MAFLD，并通过基因表达谱验证了结果。

Our results revealed a promising potential of FIR as a novel therapeutic approach for MAFLD..

。。

IntroductionMetabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) stands as the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, with its incidence continuing to rise in recent years1. This increasing prevalence poses a growing economic burden, accompanied by a surge in patients suffering from cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease2,3,4.

引言代谢功能障碍相关脂肪肝病（MAFLD）是全球最常见的慢性肝病，近年来其发病率持续上升1。这种日益增加的患病率带来了越来越大的经济负担，伴随着肝硬化和终末期肝病患者的激增2,3,4。

Excessive accumulation of fat within the liver is one of the hallmark features associated with MAFLD. Histologically, MAFLD is typically diagnosed by the occurrence of steatosis in more than 5% of hepatocytes5. MAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders, including isolated steatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)6.

肝脏内脂肪的过度积累是与MAFLD相关的标志性特征之一。组织学上，MAFLD通常通过超过5%的肝细胞发生脂肪变性来诊断5。MAFLD包括一系列肝脏疾病，包括孤立性脂肪变性，代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝炎（MASH），晚期纤维化，肝硬化和肝细胞癌（HCC）6。

Interestingly, the adverse effects of MAFLD extend beyond the liver to other organs. Mounting clinical evidence points to the revelation that MAFLD and cardiovascular disease are mutually aggravating. MAFLD serves as an independent risk factor for various cardiovascular conditions, which in turn exacerbates cardiovascular disease, and vice versa7.

有趣的是，MAFLD的不良反应超出了肝脏到其他器官。越来越多的临床证据表明，MAFLD和心血管疾病相互加重。MAFLD是各种心血管疾病的独立危险因素，反过来又会加剧心血管疾病，反之亦然7。

Despite the escalating impact of MAFLD, there is currently a lack of FDA-approved pharmaceutical drugs for the effective treatment of this condition8.The graphene patch employed in this study is a novel nanomaterial composed of sp2 hybrid carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It possesses the capability to be precisely adjusted to the desired treatment temperature and primarily emits far-infrared radiation (FIR) in the wavelength range of 3.0–100 microns.

尽管MAFLD的影响不断升级，但目前缺乏FDA批准的药物来有效治疗这种情况8。本研究中使用的石墨烯贴片是一种新型纳米材料，由六角形晶格中排列的sp2杂化碳原子组成。它具有精确调节到所需处理温度的能力，主要发射波长范围为3.0-100微米的远红外辐射（FIR）。

In therapeutic applications, FIR-generated energy can be absorbed as mild radiant heat9. The interaction between electromagnetic radiation within the FIR spectrum and biological structures, as well as living systems, exerts.

在治疗应用中，FIR产生的能量可以作为温和的辐射热吸收9。。

Data availability

数据可用性

All data used in this study can be obtained from the corresponding author. The raw sequences have been deposited on BIG Sub website of China national center for Bioinformation (https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsub/) and the accession number is CRA014758.

本研究中使用的所有数据都可以从通讯作者那里获得。原始序列已保存在中国国家生物信息中心的大子网站上(https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsub/)登录号是CRA014758。

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsWe give thanks for the guidance and technical help of Professor Lingjuan Zhang and Xiao Liu, School of Pharmacy, Xiamen University.FundingThis research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grand number 81972953, SJS and the Xiamen Clinical Key Specialty Construction Program Fund, grand number PM202109150002.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Dermatology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, ChinaTianyi Xu, Haijing Fu, Wumei Zhao & Shijun ShanChen Hongduo Academician Workstation, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, ChinaShijun ShanHangzhou Third People′s Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, ChinaShijun ShanAuthorsTianyi XuView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

下载参考文献致谢我们感谢厦门大学药学院张凌娟教授和刘晓教授的指导和技术帮助。资助本研究由国家自然科学基金资助，编号81972953，SJS和厦门市临床重点专业建设计划基金资助，编号PM202109150002。作者信息作者和所属机构厦门大学翔安医院皮肤科，厦门大学医学院，厦门，361000，中国徐天翼，海景福，赵武美和施君山辰洪铎院士工作站，绍兴市中心医院，中国施君山杭州第三人民医院，附属杭州皮肤病医院，浙江大学医学院，杭州，中国施君山作者徐天翼作者出版物您也可以搜索作者在。

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleXu, T., Fu, H., Zhao, W. et al. Far-infrared radiation alleviates steatohepatitis and fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.

转载和许可本文引用本文Xu，T.，Fu，H.，Zhao，W。等人。远红外辐射可减轻代谢功能障碍相关脂肪肝疾病中的脂肪性肝炎和纤维化。

Sci Rep 14, 19292 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69053-8Download citationReceived: 08 February 2024Accepted: 31 July 2024Published: 20 August 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69053-8Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

科学报告1419292（2024）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69053-8Download引文接收日期：2024年2月8日接受日期：2024年7月31日发布日期：2024年8月20日OI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69053-8Share本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容：获取可共享链接对不起，本文目前没有可共享的链接。复制到剪贴板。

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KeywordsFar-infrared radiationMAFLDTherapyAMPKTGFβ1-SMAD

关键词Far红外辐射治疗PKTGFβ1-SMAD

Subjects

主题

DiseasesHealth careMedical researchMolecular medicine

疾病保健医学研究分子医学

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