AbstractWired high resolution surface electromyography (sEMG) using gelled electrodes is a standard method for psycho-physiological, neurological and medical research. Despite its widespread use electrode placement is elaborative, time-consuming, and the overall experimental setting is prone to mechanical artifacts and thus offers little flexibility.

摘要使用凝胶电极的有线高分辨率表面肌电图（sEMG）是心理生理，神经和医学研究的标准方法。。

Wireless and easy-to-apply technologies would facilitate more accessible examination in a realistic setting. To address this, a novel smart skin technology consisting of wireless dry 16-electrodes was tested. The soft electrode arrays were attached to the right hemiface of 37 healthy adult participants (60% female; 20 to 57 years).

无线和易于应用的技术将有助于在现实环境中进行更容易的检查。为了解决这个问题，测试了一种由无线干燥16电极组成的新型智能皮肤技术。将软电极阵列连接到37名健康成年参与者（60%女性；20至57岁）的右半球。

The participants performed three runs of a standard set of different facial expression exercises. Linear mixed-effects models utilizing the sEMG amplitudes as outcome measure were used to evaluate differences between the facial movement tasks and runs (separately for every task). The smart electrodes showed specific activation patterns for each of the exercises.

参与者进行了三次标准的不同面部表情练习。使用sEMG振幅作为结果测量的线性混合效应模型来评估面部运动任务和跑步之间的差异（分别针对每个任务）。。

82% of the exercises could be differentiated from each other with very high precision when using the average muscle action of all electrodes. The effects were consistent during the 3 runs. Thus, it appears that wireless high-resolution sEMG analysis with smart skin technology successfully discriminates standard facial expressions in research and clinical settings..

当使用所有电极的平均肌肉动作时，82%的练习可以以非常高的精度相互区分。在3次运行中效果是一致的。因此，似乎使用智能皮肤技术进行的无线高分辨率sEMG分析成功地区分了研究和临床环境中的标准面部表情。。

IntroductionFacial electromyography (EMG) is widely used in different research and clinical domains. Although alternative imaging approaches were explored in recent decades, in particular computer vision-based tools, facial EMG remains a gold standard, especially in clinical research, as it offers quantitative and muscle specific information.

简介面部肌电图（EMG）广泛应用于不同的研究和临床领域。尽管近几十年来探索了替代成像方法，特别是基于计算机视觉的工具，但面部肌电图仍然是金标准，特别是在临床研究中，因为它提供了定量和肌肉特定的信息。

In psychophysiological and emotional research facial EMG is commonly used to study facial movements and emotions by measuring the activation of facial muscles associated with different facial functional and emotional expressions1,2. It also offers insight into the neuromuscular activities underlying speech and facial movements, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of neuromuscular diseases.

在心理生理学和情绪研究中，面部肌电图通常用于通过测量与不同面部功能和情绪表达相关的面部肌肉的激活来研究面部运动和情绪1,2。它还提供了对言语和面部运动背后的神经肌肉活动的深入了解，有助于诊断和监测神经肌肉疾病。

In medical research, facial EMG is used to diagnose and assess neuromuscular disorders affecting facial muscles. In particular, in rehabilitation medicine, facial EMG serves as a valuable tool for assessing the effectiveness of treatments aimed at restoring facial muscle function following injury or in conditions such as facial palsy.A major emphasis in neuromuscular assessments is the evaluation of functional movements such as eye closure, or lip pursing as they determine patients’ ability to regain proper functions such as blinking and speech.

在医学研究中，面部肌电图用于诊断和评估影响面部肌肉的神经肌肉疾病。特别是在康复医学中，面部肌电图是评估旨在恢复受伤后或面瘫等情况下面部肌肉功能的治疗效果的有价值的工具。。

Functional facial movements like eye closure, pursing the lips or emotional expressions recruit the action of several facial muscles3. Therefore, recordings in psychological settings are usually performed on the surface of facial muscles via multi-channel surface EMG (sEMG)4. Recently, we have shown that high resolution facial sEMG can discriminate with high accuracy and reliability between standard facial functional movements and also between the six basic emotions5,6,7.

功能性面部运动，如闭眼，撅嘴或情绪表达，会招募一些面部肌肉的动作3。因此，心理环境中的记录通常通过多通道表面肌电图（sEMG）4在面部肌肉表面进行。最近，我们已经证明，高分辨率面部表面肌电图可以在标准面部功能运动之间以及六种基本情绪之间以高精度和可靠性进行区分5,6,7。

As this approach relies on man.

因为这种方法依赖于人。

Data availability

数据可用性

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

研究中提供的原始贡献包含在文章/补充材料中，进一步的询问可以直接联系通讯作者。

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Download referencesFundingOpen Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Orlando Guntinas-Lichius acknowledges support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Grant No. GU-463/12-1. Yael Hanein acknowledges support by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) Grant No. 538/22 and the European Research Council (ERC), Grant Outer-Ret—101053186.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, GermanyPaul F.

下载由Projekt DEAL启用和组织的referencesFundingOpen Access资助。奥兰多·冈蒂纳斯·利希乌斯（Orlando Guntinas Lichius）感谢德国科学基金会（DFG）的支持，批准号为GU-463/12-1。Yael Hanein感谢以色列科学基金会（ISF）第538/22号拨款和欧洲研究理事会（ERC）的支持，授予Outer-Ret-101053186。作者信息作者和附属机构耶拿大学医院耳鼻咽喉科，弗里德里希·席勒大学耶拿，Am Klinikum 107747，耶拿，GermanyPaul F。

Funk, Gerd Fabian Volk & Orlando Guntinas-LichiusSchool of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelPaul F. Funk, Bara Levit, Chen Bar-Haim, Dvir Ben-Dov & Yael HaneinTel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelPaul F. Funk, Bara Levit, Chen Bar-Haim, Dvir Ben-Dov & Yael HaneinFacial-Nerve-Center Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, GermanyGerd Fabian Volk & Orlando Guntinas-LichiusCenter for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Jena, GermanyGerd Fabian Volk & Orlando Guntinas-LichiusDivision Motor Research, Pathophysiology and Biomechanics, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, GermanyRoland Grassme & Christoph AndersDepartment of Prevention, Biomechanics, German Social Accident Insurance Institution for the Foodstuffs and Catering Industry, Erfurt, GermanyRoland GrassmeSagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelYael HaneinX-Trodes, Herzliya, IsraelYael HaneinAuthorsPaul F.

Funk，Gerd Fabian Volk&Orlando Guntinas LichiusSchool of Electrical Engineering，特拉维夫大学，特拉维夫，IsraelPaul F.Funk，Bara Levit，Chen Bar Haim，Dvir Ben Dov&Yael HaneinTel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology，特拉维夫大学，特拉维夫，以色列保罗F.Funk，Bara Levit，Chen Bar Haim，Dvir Ben Dov&Yael HaneinTel Aviv University Center for Nanoscene Disease，耶拿大学医院医院，耶拿，GermanyGerd Fabian Volk＆Orlando Guntinas LichiusDivision运动研究，病理生理学和生物力学，耶拿大学医院创伤，手部和重建外科，弗里德里希·席勒大学耶拿，耶拿，GermanyRoland Grassme＆Christoph AndersDepartment of Prevention，Biomethics，德国食品和餐饮业社会意外保险机构，埃尔福特，GermanyRoland GrassmeSagol神经科学学院，特拉维夫大学，特拉维夫，以色列亚尔·哈内因克斯·特罗德斯，埃尔兹利耶，以色列亚尔·哈内纳尔·托尔斯波尔F。

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsOGL, GFV, CA, YH: conceptualization. OGL and CA: first draft preparation. PF, BL, CBH, DBD, GFV: Data acquisition. PF, RG and CA: data analysis. OGL and YH: supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the final version.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献SOGL，GFV，CA，YH：概念化。。PF，BL，CBH，DBD，GFV：数据采集。PF，RG和CA：数据分析。OGL和YH：监督。所有作者都为这篇文章做出了贡献，并批准了最终版本。对应作者对应。

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Yael Hanein declares financial interest in X-trodes Ltd., which holds the licensing rights of the EMG skin technology cited in this paper. This does not alter her adherence to scientific and publication policies on sharing data and materials. All other authors have no conflict of interest to declare: The other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest..

Yael Hanein宣布拥有X-trodes Ltd.的财务利益，该公司拥有本文引用的肌电图皮肤技术的许可权。这并没有改变她对共享数据和材料的科学和出版政策的坚持。所有其他作者都没有利益冲突可以声明：其他作者声明，这项研究是在没有任何可能被解释为潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系的情况下进行的。。

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleFunk, P.F., Levit, B., Bar-Haim, C. et al. Wireless high-resolution surface facial electromyography mask for discrimination of standardized facial expressions in healthy adults.

转载和许可本文引用本文Funk，P.F.，Levit，B.，Bar Haim，C。等人。用于区分健康成年人标准化面部表情的无线高分辨率表面肌电图面罩。

Sci Rep 14, 19317 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70205-zDownload citationReceived: 15 March 2024Accepted: 13 August 2024Published: 20 August 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70205-zShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

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