AbstractThe Insula functions as a multisensory relay involved in socio-emotional processing with projections to sensory, cognitive, emotional, and motivational regions. Notably, the interhemispheric projection from the Insula to the contralateral Insula is a robust yet underexplored connection. Using viral-based tracing neuroanatomy, ex vivo and in vivo electrophysiology, in vivo fiber photometry along with targeted circuit manipulation, we elucidated the nature and role of InsulaIns communication in social and anxiety processing in mice.

。值得注意的是，从脑岛到对侧脑岛的半球间投影是一个强大但尚未充分探索的连接。使用基于病毒的追踪神经解剖学，离体和体内电生理学，体内纤维光度测定以及靶向电路操作，我们阐明了胰岛素通讯在小鼠社交和焦虑处理中的性质和作用。

In this study, we 1) characterized the anatomical and molecular profile of the InsulaIns neurons, 2) demonstrated that stimulation of this neuronal subpopulation induces excitation in the Insula interhemispheric circuit, 3) revealed that InsulaIns neurons are essential for social discrimination after 24 h of isolation in male mice.

在这项研究中，我们1）表征了胰岛素神经元的解剖和分子特征，2）证明刺激该神经元亚群会诱导岛叶半球回路的兴奋，3）揭示了胰岛素神经元对于24小时后的社会歧视至关重要。雄性小鼠的隔离。

In conclusion, our findings highlight InsulaIns neurons as a distinct class of neurons within the insula and offer new insights into the neuronal mechanisms underlying social behavior..

总之，我们的研究结果强调了脑岛神经元是脑岛内一类独特的神经元，并为社会行为的神经元机制提供了新的见解。。

IntroductionThe Insular Cortex is classically described as an integrator of multimodal sensory signals coming from external cues (the environment) and internal cues (the body changes). For example, Insula responds to auditory or tactile cues1 and cardiac interoceptive signals2. Interacting with novel individuals is an experience that leads to the integration of signals from both interoceptive and exteroceptive sources.

引言岛叶皮层通常被描述为来自外部线索（环境）和内部线索（身体变化）的多模态感觉信号的集成商。例如，脑岛对听觉或触觉线索1和心脏感受信号2有反应。与新个体互动是一种体验，它可以整合来自感受内和感受外的信号。

Recently, it has been shown that some Insula cells respond to social interaction3. Interestingly these “social-on” cells solely represent a subset of Insula neurons that remained unexplored. In physiological situations, Insula neurons are engaged in social interaction and notably in social affective behaviors4,5,6,7,8,9.

最近，有研究表明，一些脑岛细胞对社交互动有反应3。有趣的是，这些“社交on”细胞仅代表了尚未探索的脑岛神经元的一个子集。在生理情况下，脑岛神经元参与社交互动，特别是社交情感行为4,5,6,7,8,9。

For example, it has been highlighted that Insula neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens core regulate the social approach to stressed juvenile rats8. Autism spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Anxiety Disorders are pathologies with sensory integration defects that have been associated with dysfunction of the Insula1,10,11,12,13.

例如，有人强调，投射到伏隔核核心的脑岛神经元调节了应激幼年大鼠的社交方式8。自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）和焦虑症是具有感觉统合缺陷的病理，与胰岛功能障碍有关1,10,11,12,13。

An Insula maturation deficit was detected in a mouse model of ASD which is notably characterized by social interaction deficits, leading to an alteration in the integration of sensory information within the Insula1. Moreover, clinical studies show an Insula overactivation in anxious patients10,14. Altogether, these studies suggest that Insula is well-positioned to integrate and participate in regulating socio-emotional processing.

在ASD的小鼠模型中检测到脑岛成熟缺陷，其特征在于社交互动缺陷，导致脑岛内感觉信息整合的改变1。此外，临床研究显示焦虑患者的脑岛过度活化10,14。。

Indeed, the Insula shares multiple projections with sensory and interoceptive regions (sensory cortex, thalamus, olfactory bulb), with cognitive regions (medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex), emotional territories (amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis), and motivation-a.

事实上，脑岛与感觉和感受区域（感觉皮层，丘脑，嗅球），认知区域（内侧前额叶皮层，眶额皮层），情绪区域（杏仁核，纹状体终末床核）和动机-a共享多个投影。

Tissue preparation

组织准备

Mice were deeply anesthetized and perfused transcardially with a mixture of 3% paraformaldehyde (PFA) and 0.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. Brains were quickly removed, left overnight in 3% PFA at 4 °C. Coronal sections of the brain were cut on a vibrating microtome at 50 µm, collected in PBS, cryoprotected, freeze-thawed, and stored in PBS with 0.03% sodium azide until use..

将小鼠深度麻醉，并在pH 7.4的0.1M磷酸盐缓冲液中用3%多聚甲醛（PFA）和0.5%戊二醛的混合物经心脏灌注。迅速取出大脑，在4℃下在3%PFA中放置过夜。在50µm的振动切片机上切下大脑的冠状切片，收集在PBS中，冷冻保护，冻融，并保存在含0.03%叠氮化钠的PBS中直至使用。。

Immunogold experiments

免疫金实验

GFP was analyzed at electron microscopic level in Insula, Corpus Callosum, Anterior Commissure, dlBNST and CeA. GFP was detected by the preembedding immunogold technique, sections were incubated in 4% NGS for 45 min and then in a mixture of a rabbit anti-GFP (1/5000) antibody supplemented with 1% NGS overnight at RT.

在电子显微镜下分析了岛叶，call体，前连合，dlBNST和CeA中的GFP。通过预处理免疫金技术检测GFP，将切片在4%NGS中孵育45分钟，然后在补充有1%NGS的兔抗GFP（1/5000）抗体的混合物中于室温孵育过夜。

After washing, in PBS and PBS-BSAc (aurion, the Netherlands), the sections were incubated for 3 h at RT in Goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to ultrasmall gold particles (1.4 nm; nanoprobes) diluted 1/100 in PBS-BSAc- gel. The sections were washed and post-fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde in PBS for 10 min.

；纳米探针）在PBS-BSAc-凝胶中稀释1/100。将切片洗涤并在PBS中的1%戊二醛中后固定10分钟。

After washing in PBS and water distilled, the immunogold signal was intensified using a silver enhancement kit (HQ silver; Nanoprobes, Yaphank, NY) for 8 min at RT in the dark. After several washes in PBS, the sections were then processed for electron microscopy..

在PBS中洗涤并用水蒸馏后，使用银增强试剂盒（HQ silver；Nanoprobes，Yaphank，NY）在黑暗中于室温下增强免疫金信号8分钟。在PBS中洗涤几次后，然后将切片处理用于电子显微镜。。

The sections were post-fixed in 0.5% osmium tetroxide and dehydrated in ascending series of ethanol dilutions that also included 70% ethanol containing 1% uranyl acetate. The sections were post-fixed, dehydrated, and included in resin (Durcupan ACM; Fluka). Serial ultrathin sections were cut with a Reichert Ultracut S, contrasted with lead citrate and imaged in a transmission electron microscope (H7650, Hitachi) equipped with a 467 SC1000 Orius camera (Gatan)..

将切片后固定在0.5%四氧化锇中，并在一系列递增的乙醇稀释液中脱水，这些乙醇稀释液还包括含有1%乙酸铀酰的70%乙醇。将切片后固定，脱水并包含在树脂（Durcupan ACM；Fluka）中。用Reichert Ultracut S切割连续超薄切片，与柠檬酸铅对比，并在配备467 SC1000 Orius相机（Gatan）的透射电子显微镜（H7650，Hitachi）中成像。。

Ex vivo electrophysiologyAfter allowing at least 4 weeks for viral vector expression acute coronal brain slices containing the Insula were cut on a vibratome (VT1200S; Leica microsystems). Mice were deeply anaesthetized by i.p. injection of a mixture of ketamine-xylazine (100 mg/kg and 20 mg/Kg, respectively).

离体电生理学在允许病毒载体表达至少4周后，在振动刀（VT1200S；Leica microsystems）上切割含有岛叶的急性冠状脑切片。通过腹膜内注射氯胺酮-甲苯噻嗪（分别为100 mg/kg和20 mg/kg）的混合物对小鼠进行深度麻醉。

A thoracotomy followed by a transcardiac perfusion with a saturated (95%O2/5%CO2), iced-cold solution (cutting solution) containing 250 mM sucrose,10 mM MgSO4·7H2O, 2.5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4·H2O, 0.5 mM CaCl2·H2O, 1.3 mM MgCl2, 26 mM NaHCO3, and 10 mM d-glucose (pH 7.4) was performed. The brain was then quickly removed from the skull, blocked in the coronal plan, glued on the stage of the vibratome, submerged in iced-cold, saturated cutting solution and cut in 300-µm thick sections.

开胸手术，然后用含有250 mM蔗糖，10 mM MgSO4·7H2O，2.5 mM KCl，1.25 mM NaH2PO4·H2O，0.5 mM CaCl2·H2O，1.3 mM MgCl2，26 mM NaHCO3和10 mM d-葡萄糖（pH 7.4）的饱和（95%O2/5%CO2），冰冷溶液（切割溶液）进行心脏灌注。然后将大脑迅速从颅骨中取出，在冠状平面图中阻塞，粘在振动刀的台上，浸入冰冷的饱和切割溶液中，切成300µm厚的切片。

Brain slices were transferred in a storage chamber at 34 °C for 1 h in an artificial cerebral spinal solution (referred as « recording ACSF ») saturated by bubbling 95%O2/5%CO2 and containing 126 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4·H2O, 2 mM CaCl2·H2O, 2 mM MgSO4·7H2O, 26 mM NaHCO3, and 10 mM D-glucose, supplemented with 5 mM glutathion and 1 mM sodium pyruvate (pH: 7.4; Osmolarity: 310-315 mOsm).

将脑切片在人工脑脊髓溶液（称为“记录ACSF”）中于34°C的储存室中转移1小时，该溶液通过鼓泡95%O2/5%CO2饱和，并含有126 mM NaCl，2.5 mM KCl，1.25 mM NaH2PO4·H2O，2 mM CaCl2·H2O，2 mM MgSO4·7H2O，26 mM NaHCO3和10 mM D-葡萄糖，并补充5 1mM谷胱甘肽和1mM丙酮酸钠（pH:7.4；渗透压：310-315 mOsm）。

They were then maintained at room temperature in the same solution until recording.Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed in a submerged chamber under an upright microscope (AxioExaminer Z1; Zeiss) equipped with IR-DIC illumination. Slices were bathed in recording solution. Recording pipettes (5–7 MΩ) were prepared from borosilicate glass capillaries (GC150F-10; Harvard Apparatus) with a horizontal puller (Sutter Instrument, Model P-97).

然后将它们在室温下保持在相同的溶液中直至记录。全细胞膜片钳记录是在配备IR-DIC照明的立式显微镜（AxioExaminer Z1；Zeiss）下的浸没室中进行的。将切片浸入记录溶液中。使用水平拉拔器（Sutter Instrument，型号P-97）从硼硅酸盐玻璃毛细管（GC150F-10；哈佛仪器）制备记录移液管（5–7 MΩ）。

They were filled an internal solution composed of 135 mM K-gluconate, 3.8 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2·6H2O,10 mM HEPES, 0.1 mM Na4EGTA, 0.4 mM Na2GTP, 2.

它们填充由135 mM葡萄糖酸钾，3.8 mM NaCl，1 mM MgCl2·6H2O，10 mM HEPES，0.1 mM Na4EGTA，0.4 mM Na2GTP，2组成的内部溶液。

(1)

(1)

Low-frequency fluctuations and signal drift were removed using the adaptive iteratively reweighted Penalized Least Squares (airPLS) algorithm () on the 405 nm control signal and 470 nm calcium-dependent signal.

使用自适应迭代加权惩罚最小二乘（airPLS）算法（）对405 nm控制信号和470 nm钙依赖信号去除低频波动和信号漂移。

(2)

(2)

Each signal was standardized (z-scored). \({z\; signal}=\frac{{signal}-{mean}({signal})}{{std}({signal})}\)

每个信号都被标准化（z评分）\（{z；信号}=\frac{{signal}-{均值}（{信号}）}{{标准}（{信号}）}\）

(3)

(3)

A least-squares linear fit was applied to the 405 nm control signal and fitted to the 470 nm signal over the whole behavioral recording. This signal was then subtracted from the z-scored 470 nm signal:

将最小二乘线性拟合应用于405 nm控制信号，并在整个行为记录中拟合到470 nm信号。然后从z得分的470nm信号中减去该信号：

$$z\varDelta F/F=[z470{nm\; signal}-{fitted}(z405{nm})]$$To determine the average activity within the regions of interest (ROI), we averaged the z-scored trace when the animals for each frame within the ROI (global signal). The last five minutes of habituation and first five minutes in the behavioral apparatus was used.Peaks were detected if above 1.96 on the z-scored trace with a minimum distance between peaks of 500 ms and duration of 150 ms.

$$z \ varDelta F/F=[z470{nm；信号}-{拟合}（z405{nm}）]$$为了确定感兴趣区域（ROI）内的平均活动，我们对ROI（全局信号）内每帧动物的z得分轨迹进行平均。习惯化的最后五分钟和行为装置的前五分钟被使用。如果在z评分迹线上高于1.96，则检测到峰，峰之间的最小距离为500 ms，持续时间为150 ms。

The start and end of the peak were calculated based on when the signal crossed 2*Median Absolute Deviation (MAD). The Area Under the Curve (AUC) was calculated between those two points using the trapezoidal rule. The width was calculated as the time between those two points. The height corresponds to the z-score value at peak detection.We performed an alternated analysis to compute and compare the z-scored trace as described in refs.

峰值的开始和结束是根据信号越过2*中值绝对偏差（MAD）的时间计算的。使用梯形法则计算这两点之间的曲线下面积（AUC）。宽度计算为这两点之间的时间。高度对应于峰值检测时的z分数值。我们进行了交替分析，以计算和比较参考文献中所述的z得分迹线。

60,61 ref. The fractional ΔF/F, a least-squares linear fit was applied to the 405 nm control signal and fitted to the 473 nm signal over the whole behavioral recording (ΔF/F  =  ([473 nm signal − 405 nm fitted]/405 nm fitted). The ΔF/F were then z-scored over the entire behavioral session.Data analysisFor in vivo electrophysiological experiments, cumulative PSTHs of insula activity were generated during stimulation of the contralateral insula.

60,61参考文献。将分数ΔF/F，最小二乘线性拟合应用于405 nm控制信号，并在整个行为记录中拟合到473 nm信号（ΔF/F）=（[473 nm信号-405 nm拟合]/405 nm拟合）。然后在整个行为过程中对ΔF/F进行z评分。数据分析对于体内电生理实验，在刺激对侧岛叶期间产生岛叶活性的累积PSTH。

Excitatory magnitudes were normalized for different levels of baseline impulse activity. Baseline activity was calculated on each PSTH, during the 500 ms preceding the stimulation to generate a Z-score for each responding neuron. What is referred to as a “no response cell” is a neuron that does not emit an action potential in response to stimulation of the insula, specifically within the time window ranging from 0 to 25 ms after stimulation.

对于不同水平的基线冲动活动，兴奋程度被标准化。在刺激之前的500毫秒内，在每个PSTH上计算基线活动，以产生每个响应神经元的Z分数。所谓的“无反应细胞”是一种神经元，它不响应脑岛的刺激而发出动作电位，特别是在刺激后0至25ms的时间窗口内。

Baseline activity w.

基线活动w。

Data availability

数据可用性

None Source data are provided with this paper.

本文没有提供任何源数据。

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsC.G. is supported by the Foundation for Medical Research: ARF20170938746. This work was supported by recurrent funding from the University of Bordeaux and the CNRS. This study also received financial support from the French government in the framework of the University of Bordeaux’s IdEx “Investments for the Future” program / GPR BRAIN_2030.

。G、 由医学研究基金会支持：ARF20170938746。这项工作得到了波尔多大学和CNRS的经常性资助。这项研究还得到了法国政府在波尔多大学IdEx“未来投资”计划/GPR BRAIN\u 2030框架内的财政支持。

The microscopy was done in the Bordeaux Imaging Center a service unit of the CNRS-INSERM and Bordeaux University, member of the national infrastructure France BioImaging supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-10-INBS-04). The help of Sebastien Marais is acknowledged.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsUniv.

显微镜检查是在波尔多成像中心完成的，波尔多成像中心是CNRS-INSERM和波尔多大学的服务单位，是法国国家研究机构（ANR-10-INBS-04）支持的国家基础设施法国生物成像的成员。塞巴斯蒂安·马拉斯的帮助得到了认可。作者信息作者和附属机构IV。

Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, Bordeaux, FranceChristelle Glangetas, Adriane Guillaumin, Elodie Ladevèze, Anaelle Braine, Manon Gauthier, Léa Bonamy, Evelyne Doudnikoff, Thibault Dhellemmes, Marc Landry, Erwan Bézard, Anne Taupignon, Jérôme Baufreton & François GeorgesUniv. Poitiers, Inserm, LNEC, Poitiers, FranceManon GauthierUniv.

波尔多、CNRS、IMN、波尔多、弗朗西斯·克里斯特尔·格兰盖塔斯、阿德里安·纪尧敏、埃洛迪·拉德维泽、阿内尔·布雷恩、马农·高蒂尔、莱娅·博纳米、伊芙琳·杜德尼科夫、蒂堡·德赫勒姆斯、马克·兰德里、埃尔万·贝扎德、安妮·陶皮农、杰罗姆·鲍弗雷顿和弗朗索瓦·乔治索尼夫。普瓦捷、Inserm、LNEC、普瓦捷、弗朗西曼农·高蒂耶鲁尼夫。

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsC.G. and F.G. conceived and designed the experiments. C.G. performed and analyzed the anatomical study with the participation of E.L., M.G., T.D., M.L., E.D., and E.B. performed the data with electron microscopy. C.G. and A.G. performed and analyzed the in vivo electrophysiology in anesthetized mice.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献中心。G、 F.G.构思并设计了实验。C、 G.在E.L.，M.G.，T.D.，M.L.，E.D.和E.B.的参与下进行并分析了解剖学研究。用电子显微镜进行了数据。C、 G.和A.G.在麻醉小鼠中进行并分析了体内电生理学。

L.B., A.T., and J.B. designed, performed, and analyzed the ex vivo electrophysiological experiments. C.G. and A.G. performed and analyzed the behavioral study. S.C. tested and analyzed the motivation for sweet food in mice. A.B. performed the fiber photometry experiment and A.B. and C.G. analyzed it.

五十、 B.，A.T。和J.B.设计，执行和分析了离体电生理实验。C、 G.和A.G.进行并分析了行为研究。S、 C.测试并分析了小鼠吃甜食的动机。A、 B.进行了纤维光度测定实验，A.B.和C.G.进行了分析。

C.G. and F.G. wrote the manuscript and C.G. prepared the figures.Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to.

C、 G.和F.G.写了手稿，C.G.准备了数字。通讯作者通讯。

Christelle Glangetas or François Georges.Ethics declarations

Christelle Glangetas或François Georges。道德宣言

Competing interests

相互竞争的利益

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Nature Communications thanks Nadine Gogolla, Francesco Papaleo and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleGlangetas, C., Guillaumin, A., Ladevèze, E. et al. A population of Insula neurons encodes for social preference only after acute social isolation in mice.

转载和许可本文引用本文Glangetas，C.，Guillaumin，A.，Ladevèze，E。等人。只有在小鼠急性社会隔离后，脑岛神经元群体才编码社会偏好。

Nat Commun 15, 7142 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51389-4Download citationReceived: 20 December 2022Accepted: 05 August 2024Published: 21 August 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51389-4Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

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