AbstractHead trauma is a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits. Delayed intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with minor head trauma is a major concern, but controversies exist regarding the incidence of delayed ICH and discharge planning at the ED. This study aimed to determine the incidence of delayed ICH in adults who developed ICH after a negative initial brain computed tomography (CT) at the ED and investigate the clinical outcomes for delayed ICH.

摘要头部创伤是急诊科（ED）就诊的常见原因。轻微头部创伤患者的迟发性颅内出血（ICH）是一个主要问题，但关于ED迟发性ICH的发生率和出院计划存在争议。本研究旨在确定成人发生ICH后迟发性ICH的发生率ED的初始脑部计算机断层扫描（CT）阴性，并调查迟发性ICH的临床结果。

This nationwide population cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Service of Korea from 2013 to 2019. Adult patients who presented to an ED due to trauma and were discharged after a negative brain CT examination were selected. The main outcomes were the incidence of ICH within 14 days after a negative brain CT at initial ED visit and the clinical outcomes of patients with and without delayed ICH.

这项全国范围的人口队列研究使用了韩国国家健康保险局2013年至2019年的数据。选择因创伤而就诊于急诊室并在脑部CT检查阴性后出院的成年患者。主要结果是初次急诊就诊时脑部CT阴性后14天内ICH的发生率以及有无迟发性ICH患者的临床结果。

The study patients were followed up to 1 year after the initial ED discharge. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratio for all-cause 1-year mortality of delayed ICH. During the 7-year study period, we identified 626,695 adult patients aged 20 years or older who underwent brain CT at the ED due to minor head trauma, and 2666 (0.4%) were diagnosed with delayed ICH within 14 days after the first visit.

研究患者在首次ED出院后随访1年。使用Cox比例风险回归分析来估计迟发性ICH全因1年死亡率的风险比。在为期7年的研究期间，我们确定了626695名20岁或以上的成年患者，他们由于轻微的头部创伤在急诊室接受了脑部CT检查，2666名（0.4%）在首次就诊后14天内被诊断出患有迟发性ICH。

Approximately two-thirds of patients (64.3%) were diagnosed with delayed ICH within 3 days, and 84.5% were diagnosed within 7 days. Among the patients with delayed ICH, 71 (2.7%) underwent neurosurgical intervention. After adjustment for age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and insurance type, delayed ICH (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.86–2.48; p < 0.001) was significantly associated with 1-year mortality.

大约三分之二的患者（64.3%）在3天内被诊断出迟发性ICH，84.5%在7天内被诊断出。在迟发性ICH患者中，71例（2.7%）接受了神经外科干预。在调整了年龄，性别，Charlson合并症指数和保险类型后，延迟性ICH（调整后的风险比为2.15；95%置信区间为1.86-2.48；p<0.001）与1年死亡率显着相关。

The incidence of delayed .

延迟的发生率。

IntroductionHead trauma is among the most common reasons for emergency department (ED) visits, with most patients presenting with mild head injury1,2,3. Current clinical guidelines for head trauma patients provide clear criteria for performing a brain computed tomography (CT) in the ED; however, controversies exist for special populations in follow-up care after initial brain CT evaluation2,4.

引言头部创伤是急诊科（ED）就诊的最常见原因之一，大多数患者出现轻度头部损伤1,2,3。目前针对头部创伤患者的临床指南为在急诊室进行脑部计算机断层扫描（CT）提供了明确的标准；然而，在最初的脑部CT评估后，随访护理中的特殊人群存在争议2,4。

For instance, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical guidelines do not recommend additional observation or serial brain CT for patients on anticoagulants after an initially normal brain CT imaging, while the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guidelines recommend admission for observation for those with supratherapeutic international normalized ratio2,4.Delayed intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)—defined as the delayed presentation of ICH on follow-up brain CT after a normal finding at the initial brain CT examination—is among the major concerns for patients with head trauma5.

例如，美国国家健康与护理卓越研究所临床指南不建议在最初正常的脑部CT成像后对抗凝剂患者进行额外观察或连续脑部CT检查，而东部创伤外科协会实践管理指南建议对超治疗性国际标准化比率2,4的患者进行观察。迟发性颅内出血（ICH）-定义为在初始脑部CT检查正常发现后在随访脑部CT上延迟出现ICH是头部创伤患者的主要担忧之一5。

According to previous studies, the incidence of delayed ICH ranges widely from 0.3% to 7.0% in those with any risk factors for delayed ICH6,7. Old age and taking oral anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents have been suggested as risk factors for delayed ICH2,6,7,8,9; however, recent observational studies have shown that oral anticoagulants do not increase the risk of delayed ICH6,10,11.

根据以前的研究，延迟ICH的发生率在有任何延迟ICH6,7危险因素的患者中从0.3%到7.0%不等。老年人和服用口服抗凝剂或抗血小板药物被认为是延迟ICH2,6,7,8,9的危险因素；然而，最近的观察性研究表明，口服抗凝剂不会增加延迟ICH6,10,11的风险。

Meanwhile, a recent propensity-matched cohort study conducted in Europe demonstrated anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents to be associated with an increased risk of delayed ICH but not with clinical course or outcomes12. Such a wide range of incidence data and conflicting results can cause confusion among emergency physicians when discharging head trauma patients with normal b.

同时，最近在欧洲进行的一项倾向匹配队列研究表明，抗凝剂和抗血小板药物与迟发性ICH风险增加有关，但与临床病程或结局无关12。如此广泛的发病率数据和相互矛盾的结果可能会导致急诊医生在出院b正常的头部创伤患者时产生混淆。

Data availability

数据可用性

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

用于支持本研究结果的数据可应要求从通讯作者处获得。

AbbreviationsED:

缩写ED：

Emergency department

急诊科

CT:

CT：

Computed tomography

计算机断层扫描

ICH:

ICH公司：

Intracranial hemorrhage

颅内出血

NHIS:

是啊。

National Health Insurance Service

国家健康保险局

ICD:

ICD：

International Classification of Diseases

国际疾病分类

HRs:

小时数：

Hazard ratios

危险比

CIs:

独联体：

Confidence intervals

置信区间

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Download referencesFundingThis research was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HI23C0304). The study sponsors had no involvement in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Youn-Jung Kim and Jae-Ho Lee.Authors and AffiliationsDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of KoreaHyojeong Kwon, Youn-Jung Kim, Jae-Ho Lee & Won Young KimDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of KoreaSeonok Kim & Ye-Jee KimDepartment of Information Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of KoreaJae-Ho LeeAuthorsHyojeong KwonView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

下载参考文献资助这项研究得到了大韩民国卫生福利部的资助（资助号：HI23C0304）。研究赞助商没有参与研究设计；收集、分析和解释数据；在手稿的撰写中；并决定提交稿件出版。作者信息作者注意到这些作者做出了同样的贡献：Youn Jung Kim和Jae Ho Lee。作者和附属机构蔚山大学医学院阿山医学中心急诊医学系，88奥运会ro 43 gil，Songpa gu，首尔，05505，韩国共和国韩国孝敬权，Youn Jung Kim，Jae Ho Lee＆Won Young Kim韩国共和国首尔蔚山大学医学院阿山医学中心临床流行病学和生物统计学系Kim＆Ye Jee Kim韩国共和国首尔蔚山大学医学院阿山医学中心信息医学系KoreaJae Ho Lee作者Hyojeong KwonView作者出版物您也可以搜索对于本文作者。

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsHK contributed to investigation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing. YJK contributed to conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, visualization, and project administration.

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsHK为调查、撰写原稿准备、撰写评论和编辑做出了贡献。YJK为概念化、方法论、调查、撰写原稿准备、写作审查和编辑、可视化和项目管理做出了贡献。

JHL contributed to conceptualization, investigation, resources, writing—review and editing, supervision, and project administration. SK and YJK contributed to data curation, formal analysis, validation, writing—review and editing, and visualization. WYK contributed to resources and writing—review and editing.

JHL为概念化，调查，资源，写作审查和编辑，监督和项目管理做出了贡献。SK和YJK为数据管理，正式分析，验证，写作评论和编辑以及可视化做出了贡献。WYK为资源和写作评论和编辑做出了贡献。

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to.

所有作者均已阅读并同意稿件的发布版本。通讯作者通讯。

Youn-Jung Kim or Jae-Ho Lee.Ethics declarations

Youn Jung Kim或Jae Ho Lee。道德宣言

Competing interests

相互竞争的利益

The authors declare no competing interests.

作者声明没有利益冲突。

Additional informationPublisher's noteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Supplementary InformationSupplementary Figure S1.Rights and permissions

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You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

根据本许可证，您无权共享源自本文或其部分的改编材料。本文中的图像或其他第三方材料包含在文章的知识共享许可证中，除非该材料的信用额度中另有说明。如果材料未包含在文章的知识共享许可中，并且您的预期用途不受法律法规的许可或超出许可用途，则您需要直接获得版权所有者的许可。

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/..

要查看此许可证的副本，请访问http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/..

Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleKwon, H., Kim, YJ., Lee, JH. et al. Incidence and outcomes of delayed intracranial hemorrhage: a population-based cohort study.

。，李，JH。迟发性颅内出血的发生率和结局：一项基于人群的队列研究。

Sci Rep 14, 19502 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70553-wDownload citationReceived: 23 January 2024Accepted: 19 August 2024Published: 22 August 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70553-wShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

Sci Rep 1419502（2024）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70553-wDownload引文接收日期：2024年1月23日接受日期：2024年8月19日发布日期：2024年8月22日OI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70553-wShare本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容：获取可共享链接对不起，本文目前没有可共享的链接。复制到剪贴板。

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KeywordsHead traumaDelayed intracranial haemorrhageEpidemiologic studyIncidenceOutcome

关键词脑外伤迟发性颅内出血流行病学研究

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