AbstractStaphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is a severe infectious disease with a heterogenous clinical presentation. To diagnose possible metastatic infection and to start early adequate management including antimicrobial treatment and adequate source control as soon as possible, guidelines recommend additional imaging such as [18F]FDG-PET/CT.

摘要金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症（SAB）是一种严重的传染病，临床表现多种多样。为了诊断可能的转移性感染并尽快开始早期适当的管理，包括抗菌治疗和适当的来源控制，指南建议进行额外的成像，如[18 F]FDG-PET/CT。

In this clinical perspective, we describe the current evidence of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in SAB and we share our view on the value of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in specific SAB patients..

从这个临床角度来看，我们描述了SAB中[18 F]FDG-PET/CT的当前证据，并分享了我们对[18 F]FDG-PET/CT在特定SAB患者中的价值的看法。。

IntroductionStaphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is a severe infectious disease with a heterogenous clinical presentation, ranging from uncomplicated bacteremia to a complicated infection such as endocarditis and metastatic infectious foci1. Metastatic infection, which is disseminated infection, is an important complication of SAB and is associated with high morbidity and a 30-day mortality of 20%2.

引言金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症（SAB）是一种严重的传染病，临床表现多种多样，从简单的菌血症到复杂的感染，如心内膜炎和转移性感染灶1。转移性感染是播散性感染，是SAB的重要并发症，与高发病率和20%的30天死亡率相关2。

Metastatic infection often needs source control to reduce the bacterial load, such as heart valve replacement in case of endocarditis or drainage of abscesses. To diagnose possible metastatic infection and to start early adequate management including antimicrobial treatment and adequate source control as soon as possible, guidelines recommend additional imaging3,4.

转移性感染通常需要源头控制以减少细菌负荷，例如在心内膜炎或脓肿引流的情况下进行心脏瓣膜置换术。为了诊断可能的转移性感染并尽快开始早期适当的管理，包括抗菌治疗和适当的来源控制，指南建议进行额外的成像3,4。

A risk stratification strategy has been proposed based on known risk factors for a complicated course in SAB such as predisposing host factors, features of bacteremia, and clinical course2. Using such a risk stratification may help in guiding additional diagnostic imaging in SAB. For specific patient groups with low-risk SAB, additional imaging may be safely omitted5, but these patients constitute a small group of all SAB patients.

基于SAB复杂过程的已知风险因素，如易感宿主因素，菌血症特征和临床过程，已经提出了一种风险分层策略2。使用这种风险分层可能有助于指导SAB的其他诊断成像。对于具有低风险SAB的特定患者组，可以安全地省略额外的成像5，但这些患者构成了所有SAB患者的一小部分。

The indeterminate risk group is of special interest to use additional imaging to either diagnose uncomplicated or complicated SAB, with consequently treatment duration. As an imaging modality, 2-[18F]fuoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography with combined computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) has a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting metastatic infectious foci2,4.

不确定风险组特别感兴趣的是使用额外的成像来诊断简单或复杂的SAB，从而延长治疗时间。作为一种成像方式，2-[18 F]氟-2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖正电子发射断层扫描与联合计算机断层扫描（[18 F]FDG-PET/CT）对检测转移性感染灶具有很高的敏感性和特异性2,4。

The tracer [18F]FDG acts as a glucose analog and accumulates in cells with an increased rate of glycolysis. The mechanism of FDG uptake in all activated leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocy.

示踪剂[18 F]FDG充当葡萄糖类似物，并以增加的糖酵解速率积累在细胞中。FDG在所有活化的白细胞（粒细胞，单核细胞和淋巴细胞）中摄取的机制。

In patients with severe presentation of SAB, unknown source of bacteremia, and poor response to antimicrobial treatment, [18F]FDG-PET/CT should be performed as early as possible in the diagnostic work-up. In these cases, [18F]FDG-PET/CT is expected to identify a possible source and assists in decision making for source control interventions and treatment duration, as early source control (within 48 hours) has a significant impact on patients’ outcome including survival25..

对于严重表现为SAB，菌血症来源不明且对抗菌治疗反应差的患者，应在诊断检查中尽早进行[18F]FDG-PET/CT检查。在这些情况下，[18 F]FDG-PET/CT有望确定可能的来源，并有助于制定源头控制干预措施和治疗持续时间的决策，因为早期源头控制（48小时内）对患者的预后（包括生存率）有重大影响25。。

In stable SAB patients with a good clinical response to treatment, it is reasonable to wait with consideration of an [18F]FDG-PET/CT towards the second week, in order to consider whether [18F]FDG-PET/CT could have an impact on treatment duration or not. For example, in case echocardiography showed an endocarditis with consequently prolonged antimicrobial treatment and the patient has shown defervescence and negative follow-up blood cultures, [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not suspected to alter SAB management in this patient..

在对治疗有良好临床反应的稳定SAB患者中，考虑到[18 F]FDG-PET/CT在第二周是合理的，以考虑[18 F]FDG-PET/CT是否可能对治疗持续时间有影响。例如，如果超声心动图显示心内膜炎并因此延长了抗菌治疗时间，并且患者表现出退热和随访血培养阴性，则不怀疑[18 F]FDG-PET/CT会改变该患者的SAB管理。。

In SAB patients with endovascular prosthetic devices, such as prosthetic heart valves, vascular grafts, and cardiac implantable electronical devices, [18F]FDG-PET/CT could have major impact in treatment decision12. For patients without prosthetic device infection, treatment duration may be shortened.

在SAB患者中，使用血管内假体，如人工心脏瓣膜，血管移植物和心脏植入式电子设备，[18F]FDG-PET/CT可能对治疗决策产生重大影响12。对于没有假体感染的患者，治疗时间可能会缩短。

On the other hand, in patients with infection of endovascular devices there is an indication for long-term antimicrobial treatment. Also, in patients with proven prosthetic devices, [18F]FDG-PET/CT will help in decisions on extraction of these devices. In these cases, early [18F]FDG-PET/CT is needed..

另一方面，对于感染血管内装置的患者，有长期抗菌治疗的指征。此外，对于具有经过验证的假体装置的患者，[18F]FDG-PET/CT将有助于决定提取这些装置。在这些情况下，需要早期[18 F]FDG-PET/CT。。

In low-risk SAB patients, such as a patient with hospital acquired SAB after phlebitis with direct start of adequate antimicrobial treatment with favorable clinical course, [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not needed in the diagnostic work-up5.

在低风险SAB患者中，例如静脉炎后医院获得性SAB患者，直接开始适当的抗菌治疗，临床过程良好，诊断工作不需要[18 F]FDG-PET/CT 5。

In SAB patients with clinically unsuspected orthopedic implants, [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not needed in the diagnostic work-up. The absence of clinical symptoms obviate the need for additional investigations or prolonged antimicrobial treatment14.

在临床上未经怀疑的骨科植入物的SAB患者中，诊断检查不需要[18F]FDG-PET/CT。由于没有临床症状，因此无需进行额外的研究或延长抗菌治疗14。

Multidisciplinary teamsAn important prerequisite for optimal use of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in SAB patients is a dedicated team with nuclear medicine physicians and infectious diseases specialists. In both of our centers (Haifa in Israel and Nijmegen in the Netherlands) we have a weekly or biweekly multidisciplinary meeting with nuclear medicine physicians, infectious disease specialists and preferably medical microbiologists.

多学科团队在SAB患者中最佳使用[18 F]FDG-PET/CT的重要先决条件是由核医学医生和传染病专家组成的专门团队。在我们的两个中心（以色列的海法和荷兰的奈梅亨），我们每周或每两周与核医学医生，传染病专家以及最好是医学微生物学家举行一次多学科会议。

In these meetings we discuss [18F]FDG-PET/CT scans with the additional clinical picture of the specific patient. For specific patient groups other physicians can participate in these meetings, such as vascular surgeons and orthopedic surgeons. These multidisciplinary meetings often lead to new insights and treatment modification, analogous to multidisciplinary endocarditis teams26,27.

在这些会议中，我们讨论了[18 F]FDG-PET/CT扫描以及特定患者的其他临床表现。对于特定的患者群体，其他医生可以参加这些会议，例如血管外科医生和整形外科医生。这些多学科会议通常会带来新的见解和治疗改变，类似于多学科心内膜炎团队26,27。

Because of this collaboration it is also possible to schedule [18F]FDG-PET/CT for SAB patients on short notice leading to early diagnosis with consequentially early optimal management.Future perspective[18F]FDG-PET/CT could also have an important role in follow-up of infectious foci in SAB. Especially for complex infectious foci, such as vascular graft infection, [18F]FDG-PET/CT could be used for treatment monitoring and guiding treatment duration28.

。未来展望[18 F]FDG-PET/CT也可能在SAB感染灶的随访中发挥重要作用。特别是对于复杂的感染灶，如血管移植物感染，[18F]FDG-PET/CT可用于治疗监测和指导治疗持续时间28。

On the other hand, [18F]FDG-PET/CT may show increased [18F]FDG uptake around the graft due to sterile inflammation of the prosthetic material leading to false-positive results and thereby unnecessary extension of antimicrobial treatment29. This underscores the fact that a multidisciplinary approach for management of SAB with complex infectious foci is necessary, including a final treatment plan based on specific patient characteristics and extent of the infection.

。这强调了一个事实，即有必要采用多学科方法来管理具有复杂感染灶的SAB，包括基于特定患者特征和感染程度的最终治疗计划。

[18F]FDG is a very sensitive tracer for imaging infectious foci i.

[18 F]FDG是一种非常敏感的示踪剂，用于成像感染灶。

ReferencesMinter, D. J. et al. Contemporary management of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia-controversies in clinical practice. Clin. Infect. Dis. 77, e57–e68 (2023).Article

参考文献Minter，D.J。等人。临床实践中金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症争议的当代管理。临床。感染。Dis。77，e57–e68（2023）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kouijzer, I. J. E., Fowler, V. G. Jr. & Ten Oever, J. Redefining Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: A structured approach guiding diagnostic and therapeutic management. J. Infect. 86, 9–13 (2023).Article

Kouijzer，I。J。E.，Fowler，V。G。Jr。和Ten Oever，J。重新定义金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症：指导诊断和治疗管理的结构化方法。J、 感染。。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Liu, C. et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52, 285–292 (2011).Article

Liu，C.等人。美国传染病学会关于成人和儿童耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染治疗的临床实践指南：执行摘要。临床。感染。Dis。。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Delgado, V. et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur. Heart J. 44, 3948–4042 (2023).Article

Delgado，V。等人，2023 ESC心内膜炎管理指南。《欧洲心脏杂志》443948-4042（2023）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Hendriks, M. M. C. et al. Low-risk Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia patients do not require routine diagnostic imaging: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 79, 43–51 (2024).Article

Hendriks，M.M.C.等人。低风险金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症患者不需要常规诊断成像：一项多中心回顾性队列研究。临床。感染。Dis。79，43-51（2024）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Berrevoets, M. A. H. et al. 18)F-FDG PET/CT Optimizes treatment in Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia and is associated with reduced mortality. J. Nucl. Med. 58(9), 1504–1510 (2017).Yildiz, H. et al. Mortality in patients with high risk Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia undergoing or not PET-CT: A single center experience.

Berrevoets，M.A.H.等[18]F-FDG PET/CT可优化金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症的治疗，并可降低死亡率。J、 核。医学58（9），1504-1510（2017）。Yildiz，H.等人。接受或不接受PET-CT的高危金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症患者的死亡率：单中心经验。

J. Infect. Chemother. 25, 880–885 (2019).Article .

J、 感染。化学疗法。。文章。

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Berrevoets, M. A. H., et al., 18)F-FDG PET/CT-guided treatment duration in patients with high-risk Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia: A proof of principle. J. Nucl. Med. 60(7): 998–1002 (2019).Kouijzer, I. J. E. et al. Intravenous to oral switch in complicated Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia without endovascular infection: a retrospective single-center cohort study.

Berrevoets，M.A.H。等人，18）F-FDG PET/CT引导的高危金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症患者的治疗持续时间：原理证明。J、 核。医学杂志60（7）：998-1002（2019）。Kouijzer，I.J.E.等人。无血管内感染的复杂金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症的静脉转口服转换：一项回顾性单中心队列研究。

Clin. Infect. Dis. 73, 895–898 (2021).Article .

克林。感染。说吧。73895-898（2021年）。文章。

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Ghanem-Zoubi, N. et al. Integration of FDG-PET/CT in the Diagnostic Workup for Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A prospective interventional matched-cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1, 73E3859–E3866 (2021).Article

Ghanem Zoubi，N.等人。FDG-PET/CT在金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症诊断检查中的整合：一项前瞻性介入匹配队列研究。临床。感染。Dis。173e3859–E3866（2021）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Gompelman, M. et al. The diagnostic value of [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT in detecting septic thrombosis in patients with central venous catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Biomed. Pharmacother. 144, 112296 (2021).Article

Gompelman，M.等人，[（18）F]FDG-PET/CT在检测中心静脉导管相关性金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症患者脓毒性血栓形成中的诊断价值。生物医学。药剂师。144112296（2021）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

van Leerdam, E. J. et al. Individualizing the use of [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT in patients with complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: experiences from a tertiary care center. Infection 50, 491–498 (2022).Article

van Leedaman，E.J.等人。在复杂的金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症患者中个体化使用[（18）F]FDG-PET/CT：来自三级保健中心的经验。感染50491-498（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Suanzes, P. et al. Impact of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT on the management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a retrospective observational study. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. (Engl. Ed.) 41, 3–10 (2023).Article

。恩弗姆。Infecc公司。微生物。临床。（英语版）41，3-10（2023）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kouijzer, I. J. E. et al. Clinically unsuspected orthopedic implants during S. aureus bacteremia do not require additional diagnostic work-up. Infection 51, 743–747 (2023).Article

Kouijzer，I.J.E.等人。金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症期间临床上未怀疑的骨科植入物不需要额外的诊断检查。感染51743-747（2023）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

van der Vaart, T. W. et al. Positive Impact of [18F]FDG-PET/CT on mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia explained by immortal time bias. Clin. Infect. Dis. 77, 9–15 (2023).Article

van der Vaart，T.W.等人[18 F]FDG-PET/CT对金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症患者死亡率的积极影响由不朽的时间偏差解释。临床。感染。Dis。77，9-15（2023）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Ghanem-Zoubi, N. et al. Predictors of infectious foci on FDG PET/CT in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Sci. Rep. 13, 14063 (2023).Article

Ghanem Zoubi，N.等人。金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症中FDG PET/CT感染灶的预测因子。科学。代表1314063（2023）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Vos, F. J. et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT for detection of metastatic infection in gram-positive bacteremia. J. Nucl. Med. 51, 1234–1240 (2010).Article

Vos，F.J。等人，18F-FDG PET/CT用于检测革兰氏阳性菌血症中的转移性感染。J、 核。医学511234-1240（2010）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Brondserud, M. B. et al. Clinical value of FDG-PET/CT in bacteremia of unknown origin with catalase-negative gram-positive cocci or Staphylococcus aureus. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 46, 1351–1358 (2019).Article

Brondserud，M.B.等人。FDG-PET/CT在过氧化氢酶阴性革兰氏阳性球菌或金黄色葡萄球菌不明原因菌血症中的临床价值。欧洲核子公司。医学分子成像461351-1358（2019）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Bai, A. D. et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia mortality across country income groups: A secondary analysis of a systematic review. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 122, 405–411 (2022).Article

Bai，A.D.等人，《国家收入群体金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症死亡率：系统评价的二次分析》。Int.J.感染。Dis。122405-411（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Fowler, V. G. et al. Clinical identifiers of complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Arch. Intern. Med. 163, 2066–2072 (2003).Article

Fowler，V.G.等人。复杂金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症的临床标识符。拱门。实习生。医学1632066-2072（2003）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Mermel, L. A. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49, 1–45 (2009).Article

Mermel，L.A.等人，《血管内导管相关感染诊断和管理的临床实践指南：2009年美国传染病学会更新》。临床。感染。Dis。。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

van der Vaart, T. W. et al. The utility of risk factors to define complicated Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in a setting with low Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus prevalence. Clin. Infect. Dis. 78, 846–854 (2024).Article

van der Vaart，T.W.等人。在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌流行率低的情况下，危险因素在定义复杂的金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症中的效用。临床。感染。Dis。78846-854（2024）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kaasch, A. J. et al. Efficacy and safety of an early oral switch in low-risk Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABATO): an international, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, 523–534 (2024).Article

Kaasch，A.J.等人。早期口服转换治疗低风险金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染（SABATO）的疗效和安全性：一项国际性，开放标签，平行组，随机，对照，非劣效性试验。柳叶刀感染。Dis。24523-534（2024）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kagna, O. et al. Does antibiotic treatment affect the diagnostic accuracy of (18)F-FDG PET/CT studies in patients with suspected infectious processes? J. Nucl. Med. 58, 1827–1830 (2017).Article

Kagna，O.等人，抗生素治疗是否会影响（18）F-FDG PET/CT研究对疑似感染过程患者的诊断准确性？J、 核。医学581827-1830（2017）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Papadimitriou-Olivgeris, M. et al. Predictors of mortality of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia among patients hospitalized in a Swiss University Hospital and the role of early source control; a retrospective cohort study. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol Infect. Dis. 42, 347–357 (2023).Article .

Papadimitriou Olivgeris，M.等人。瑞士大学医院住院患者金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症死亡率的预测因素和早期源头控制的作用；回顾性队列研究。欧洲临床杂志。微生物感染。Dis。42347-357（2023）。文章。

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Pretet, V., et al., Advantages of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging over modified duke criteria and clinical presumption in patients with challenging suspicion of infective Endocarditis. Diagnostics 11 (2021).Pizzi, M. N. et al. Improving the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in prosthetic valves and intracardiac devices with 18F-Fluordeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Angiography: Initial results at an infective endocarditis referral center.

Pretet，V。等人，18F-FDG PET/CT成像优于改良的duke标准和临床推定，对怀疑感染性心内膜炎的患者具有挑战性。诊断11（2021）。Pizzi，M.N.等人。用18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描血管造影改进人工瓣膜和心内装置感染性心内膜炎的诊断：感染性心内膜炎转诊中心的初步结果。

Circulation 132, 1113–1126 (2015).Article .

发行量1321113–1126（2015）。文章。

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Husmann, L. et al. Comparing diagnostic accuracy of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT, contrast enhanced CT and combined imaging in patients with suspected vascular graft infections. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 46, 1359–1368 (2019).Article

。欧洲核子公司。医学分子成像461359-1368（2019）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Keidar, Z. et al. 18F-FDG uptake in noninfected prosthetic vascular grafts: incidence, patterns, and changes over time. J. Nucl. Med. 55, 392–395 (2014).Article

Keidar，Z。等人。未感染的人工血管移植物中18F-FDG的摄取：发生率，模式和随时间的变化。J、 核。医学55392-395（2014）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Dilsizian, V. et al. Best practices for imaging cardiac device-related infections and Endocarditis: A JACC: Cardiovascular imaging expert panel statement. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 15, 891–911 (2022).Article

Dilsizian，V。等人。心脏器械相关感染和心内膜炎成像的最佳实践：JACC：心血管成像专家小组声明。JACC心血管。成像15891–911（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Wahadat, A. R. et al. Normal imaging findings after ascending aorta prosthesis implantation on (18)F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography with computed tomography. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 29, 2938–2948 (2022).Article

Wahadat，A.R.等人。升主动脉假体植入后（18）F-氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层扫描与计算机断层扫描的正常影像学表现。J、 核。心脏病。292938-2948（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Albano, D. et al. Meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT imaging in native valve Endocarditis. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 14, 1063–1065 (2021).Article

Albano，D。等人（18）F-FDG-PET/CT成像在天然瓣膜心内膜炎中诊断性能的荟萃分析。JACC心血管。成像141063-1065（2021）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Takemiya, K. et al. Novel PET and near infrared imaging probes for the specific detection of bacterial infections associated with cardiac devices. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 12, 875–886 (2019).Article

Takemiya，K。等人。用于特异性检测与心脏装置相关的细菌感染的新型PET和近红外成像探针。JACC心血管。成像12875-886（2019）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Sajadi, M. M., Chen, W. & Dilsizian, V. Targeted Bacteria-Specific (18)F-Fluoro-Maltohexaose But Not FDG PET distinguishes infection from inflammation. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 12, 887–889 (2019).Article

Sajadi，M.M.，Chen，W。＆Dilsizian，V。靶向细菌特异性（18）F-氟-麦芽六糖但不是FDG PET区分感染和炎症。JACC心血管。成像12887-889（2019）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Download referencesAuthor informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Internal Medicine and Radboud Community for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsIlse J. E. KouijzerInfectious Diseases Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, IsraelNesrin Ghanem-ZoubiThe Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, IsraelNesrin Ghanem-ZoubiAuthorsIlse J.

下载参考文献作者信息作者和所属机构内科医生和拉德布德传染病社区，奈梅亨拉德布德大学医学中心，荷兰国立卫生研究院J.E.Kouijzer传染病研究所，兰巴姆卫生保健校区，海法，以色列内斯林·加尼姆·佐比·鲁斯和布鲁斯·拉帕波特医学院，以色列理工学院，海法，以色列内斯林·加尼姆·佐比·佐比·西尔斯·J。

E. KouijzerView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

E、 KouijzerView作者出版物您也可以在中搜索此作者。

PubMed Google ScholarNesrin Ghanem-ZoubiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarNesrin Ghanem ZoubiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsI.K. and N.G.-Z. both designed the manuscript, analyzed relevant literature, and wrote the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to

PubMed谷歌学术贡献。K、 和N.G.-Z.都设计了手稿，分析了相关文献，并撰写了手稿。两位作者都阅读并批准了最终稿件。对应作者对应

Ilse J. E. Kouijzer.Ethics declarations

Ilse J.E.Kouijzer。道德宣言

Competing interests

相互竞争的利益

The authors declare no competing interests.

作者声明没有利益冲突。

Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Rights and permissions

Additional informationPublisher的注释Springer Nature在已发布的地图和机构隶属关系中的管辖权主张方面保持中立。权限和权限

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material.

。

You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

根据本许可证，您无权共享源自本文或其部分的改编材料。本文中的图像或其他第三方材料包含在文章的知识共享许可证中，除非该材料的信用额度中另有说明。如果材料未包含在文章的知识共享许可中，并且您的预期用途不受法律法规的许可或超出许可用途，则您需要直接获得版权所有者的许可。

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/..

要查看此许可证的副本，请访问http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/..

Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleKouijzer, I.J.E., Ghanem-Zoubi, N. The role of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: A clinical perspective.

转载和许可本文引用本文Kouijzer，I.J.E.，Ghanem Zoubi，N.[18F]FDG-PET/CT在金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症中的作用：临床观点。

npj Imaging 2, 32 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44303-024-00036-0Download citationReceived: 17 May 2024Accepted: 31 July 2024Published: 13 September 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44303-024-00036-0Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

npj成像2,32（2024）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s44303-024-00036-0Download引文接收日期：2024年5月17日接受日期：2024年7月31日发布日期：2024年9月13日OI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s44303-024-00036-0Share本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容：获取可共享链接对不起，本文目前没有可共享的链接。复制到剪贴板。

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

由Springer Nature SharedIt内容共享计划提供