AbstractThis study investigated the effects of the time interval between virtual reality (VR) sessions on visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) reduction to better understand adaptation to and recovery from a nauseating VR experience. The participants experienced two 6-min VR sessions of a first-person motorcycle ride through a head-mounted display with (1) a 6-min interval, (2) an interval until the VIMS score reached zero, and (3) a 60-min interval.

摘要本研究调查了虚拟现实（VR）会话之间的时间间隔对视觉诱发运动病（VIMS）减少的影响，以更好地了解对恶心的VR体验的适应和恢复。参与者通过头戴式显示器体验了两次6分钟的第一人称摩托车虚拟现实会话，其中（1）间隔6分钟，（2）直到VIMS得分达到零的间隔，以及（3）间隔60分钟。

The results showed that for each condition, VIMS in the second session was aggravated, unchanged, or attenuated, respectively, indicating that additional resting time was necessary for VIMS adaptation. This study suggests that a certain type of multisensory learning attenuates VIMS symptoms within a relatively short time, requiring at least 20 min of additional resting time after subjective recovery from VIMS symptoms.

结果表明，对于每种情况，第二阶段的VIMS分别加重，不变或减弱，表明VIMS适应需要额外的休息时间。这项研究表明，某种类型的多感觉学习可以在相对较短的时间内减轻VIMS症状，在VIMS症状主观恢复后需要至少20分钟的额外休息时间。

This finding has important implications for reducing the time interval between repeated challenges when adapting to nauseating stimuli during VR experiences..

这一发现对于减少在VR体验期间适应恶心刺激时重复挑战之间的时间间隔具有重要意义。。

IntroductionVisually induced motion sickness (VIMS), which includes cyber, virtual reality (VR), and simulator sickness, impedes the VR experience and has attracted growing attention with the recent development and spread of VR technologies. VIMS is characterised by various symptoms, such as drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, cold sweats, headaches, nausea, stomach discomfort, pallor, and vomiting1,2,3.

引言视觉诱发运动病（VIMS）包括网络，虚拟现实（VR）和模拟器病，阻碍了VR体验，随着VR技术的最新发展和传播，它引起了越来越多的关注。VIMS的特征是各种症状，例如嗜睡，头晕，疲劳，冷汗，头痛，恶心，胃不适，苍白和呕吐1,2,3。

VIMS research has identified several factors that exacerbate the condition4,5,6, as well as effective means to eradicate it without compromising the realism and immersion of the VR experience7,8,9,10,11,12. In addition, adaptation, which refers to a long-lasting decrease in participants’ susceptibility13, induced by repeated exposure to nauseating stimuli, has been shown to effectively reduce the severity of motion sickness symptoms13,14,15,16.While previous studies have shown that adaptation effects increase with the number of exposures14,15,16, the interval duration is also important for adaptation.

VIMS研究已经确定了加剧这种情况的几个因素4,5,6，以及在不影响VR体验的真实性和沉浸感的情况下根除它的有效手段7,8,9,10,11,12。此外，适应是指反复暴露于恶心刺激引起的参与者易感性的长期下降13，已被证明可以有效降低晕动病症状的严重程度13,14,15,16。虽然以前的研究表明适应效应随着暴露次数的增加而增加14,15,16，间隔时间对适应也很重要。

Domeyer et al.17 investigated the effect of multiple sessions of driving simulation on reducing VIMS. They showed that a two-day interval between sessions decreased VIMS in the second trial, compared with VIMS without an interval before the second trial. Reinhard et al.13 conducted a similar experiment, in which participants experienced a driving simulator twice in the first session and four times in the second session of the experiment, with a one-week interval between the sessions.

Domeyer等[17]研究了多次驾驶模拟对减少VIMS的影响。他们表明，与第二次试验前没有间隔的VIMS相比，第二次试验中两天的间隔时间减少了VIMS。Reinhard等[13]进行了类似的实验，参与者在第一次实验中经历了两次驾驶模拟器，在第二次实验中经历了四次，两次实验之间间隔一周。

The results showed that participants experienced less severe VIMS symptoms in the second session than in the first session, whereas the symptoms increased between simulations experienced within a session. Howarth and Hodder14 investigated the effect of interval duration on adaptation, using one- t.

结果显示，参与者在第二次会议中比在第一次会议中经历的VIMS症状更不严重，而在一次会议中经历的模拟之间症状增加。Howarth和Hodder14使用one-t研究了间隔时间对适应的影响。

Table 1 Post-hoc comparisons of FMS scores in the VR sessions.Full size tableUsing the linear mixed effects model for FMS scores in the resting periods, the analysis showed significant fixed effects of the Interval group (F (2,11.5) = 5.76, p = 0.002), Session (F (1,1113.0) = 30.35, p < 0.001), Trial (F (11,1113.0) = 52.72, p < 0.001), MSSQ (F (1,16.0) = 29.15, p < 0.001), and the interaction between the Interval group and Session (F (2,1113.0) = 78.97, p < 0.001).

表1 VR会话中FMS分数的事后比较。全尺寸表使用休息期FMS评分的线性混合效应模型，分析显示间隔组（F（2,11.5）=5.76，p=0.002），会话（F（11113.0）=30.35，p<0.001），试验（F（11111 3.0）=52.72，p<0.001），MSSQ（F（1,16.0）=29.15，p<0.001），以及间隔组和会话之间的相互作用（F（21113.0）=78.97，p<0.001）。

The post-hoc comparisons using Holm’s method are presented in Table 2. The pattern of statistical differences in the VR sessions was replicated without the FMS score of the first session in the 6-min interval group being higher than that of the second session in the 60-min interval group. As in the results for the VR session, there were no significant differences in FMS in the first resting period across groups, controlling for random effects.

表2列出了使用Holm方法进行的事后比较。VR会话中的统计差异模式被复制，而6分钟间隔组中第一次会话的FMS得分高于60分钟间隔组中第二次会话的FMS得分。。

All statistical results regarding multiple comparisons for VR sessions and resting periods are shown in the Supplementary Material (Tables S4 and S5)..

有关VR会话和休息时间的多重比较的所有统计结果均显示在补充材料中（表S4和S5）。。

Table 2 Post-hoc comparisons of FMS scores in the resting periods.Full size tableNext, we examined the relationship between the log-transformed recovery time (duration required to reach zero FMS) and adaptation effect (% decrease) in the personalised interval and 60-min interval groups (Fig. 3a). While the correlation coefficient was significant in the 60-min interval group (r =  − 0.68, t (15) = 3.61, p = 0.003), it was not significant in the personalised interval group (r = 0.03, t (13) = 0.10, p = 0.923).

表2静息期FMS评分的事后比较。全尺寸表接下来，我们检查了个性化间隔和60分钟间隔组中对数转换的恢复时间（达到零FMS所需的持续时间）与适应效果（减少%）之间的关系（图3a）。。

To further understand the relationship between the factors, the partial correlation coefficients, using the MSSQ scores as the third variable, are presented in Table 3. The results showed that the recovery time and MSSQ scores were positively correlated in both interval groups (pr = 0.27 for the personalised interval group and 0.24 for the 60-min interval group).

为了进一步了解因素之间的关系，使用MSSQ分数作为第三个变量的偏相关系数如表3所示。结果显示，两个间隔组的恢复时间和MSSQ评分均呈正相关（个性化间隔组为0.27，间隔60分钟组为0.24）。

Statistical tests were not conducted in these partial correlation analyses as they were explorative. The raw relationship between the recovery time and MSSQ is shown in Fig. 3b.Fig. 3The relationships between the log-transformed recovery time (minutes) and adaptation effect (% decrease) (a) and MSSQ (b).

在这些偏相关分析中没有进行统计检验，因为它们是探索性的。恢复时间和MSSQ之间的原始关系如图3b所示。图3对数转换恢复时间（分钟）与适应效果（%减少）（a）和MSSQ（b）之间的关系。

The number of plotted points is less than the number of participants because some points overlap. Marker size reflects the amount of overlapping data. Notably, in the personalised interval group, there was no extra resting time after the VIMS score reached zero.Full size imageTable 3 Partial correlation coefficients between the log-transformed recovery time, the adaptation effect (% decrease), and the MSSQ score in the personalised interval and 60-min interval groups.Full size tableDiscussionThis study clearly showed that a period of additional rest is necessary after the subjective rating of VIMS has reach.

绘制的点的数量少于参与者的数量，因为一些点重叠。标记大小反映了重叠数据的数量。值得注意的是，在个性化间隔组中，VIMS评分达到零后没有额外的休息时间。全尺寸imageTable 3在个性化间隔和60分钟间隔组中，对数转换恢复时间，适应效果（%降低）和MSSQ得分之间的偏相关系数。全尺寸表格讨论本研究清楚地表明，在VIMS的主观评分达到后，需要额外休息一段时间。

Data availability

数据可用性

The datasets used and/or analysed during the study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.

研究期间使用和/或分析的数据集可根据合理要求从通讯作者处获得。

Code availability

代码可用性

The underlying code for this study is not publicly available but may be made available from the corresponding authors to qualified researchers on reasonable request.

这项研究的基本代码尚未公开，但可以根据合理的要求从相应的作者那里向合格的研究人员提供。

ReferencesOman, C. M. Motion sickness: A synthesis and evaluation of the sensory conflict theory. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68, 294–303 (1990).Article

ReferencesOman，C.M。晕动病：感觉冲突理论的综合和评估。可以。J、 生理学。药理学。68294-303（1990）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Ebenholtz, S. M. Motion sickness and oculomotor systems in virtual environments. Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ. 1, 302–305 (1992).Article

Ebenholtz，S.M。虚拟环境中的运动病和动眼神经系统。Presence Telecomporters虚拟环境。1302-305（1992）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Cobb, S. V. G. Measurement of postural stability before and after immersion in a virtual environment. Appl. Ergon. 30, 47–57 (1999).Article

Cobb，S.V.G。在虚拟环境中浸泡前后姿势稳定性的测量。应用。埃尔贡。30，47-57（1999）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Munafo, J., Diedrick, M. & Stoffregen, T. A. The virtual reality head-mounted display oculus Rift induces motion sickness and is sexist in its effects. Exp. Brain Res. 235, 889–901 (2017).Article

Munafo，J.，Diedrick，M。＆Stoffregen，T.A。虚拟现实头戴式显示器oculus Rift会引起晕动病，并且在效果上存在性别歧视。Exp.Brain Res.235889-901（2017）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Milleville-Pennel, I. & Charron, C. Do mental workload and presence experienced when driving a real car predispose drivers to simulator sickness? An exploratory study. Accid. Anal. Prev. 74, 192–202 (2015).Article

Milleville-Pennel，I。和Charron，C。驾驶真正的汽车时，大脑的工作量和存在感是否会使驾驶员容易患模拟病？探索性研究。账户ID。肛门。上一页。74192-202（2015）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Roenker, D. L., Cissell, G. M., Ball, K. K., Wadley, V. G. & Edwards, J. D. Speed-of-processing and driving simulator training result in improved driving performance. Hum. Factors 45, 218–233 (2003).Article

Roenker，D.L.，Cissell，G.M.，Ball，K.K.，Wadley，V.G。和Edwards，J.D。处理速度和驾驶模拟器训练可以提高驾驶性能。哼，《因素45218-233》（2003）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Brooks, J. O. et al. Simulator sickness during driving simulation studies. Accid. Anal. Prev. 42, 788–796 (2010).Article

Brooks，J.O.等人，《驾驶模拟研究中的模拟器病》。账户ID。肛门。上一页。42788-796（2010）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Grassini, S., Laumann, K., de Martin Topranin, V. & Thorp, S. Evaluating the effect of multi-sensory stimulations on simulator sickness and sense of presence during HMD-mediated VR experience. Ergonomics 64, 1532–1542 (2021).Article

Grassini，S.，Laumann，K.，de Martin Topranin，V。＆Thorp，S。评估多感官刺激对HMD介导的VR体验期间模拟器疾病和存在感的影响。人体工程学641532-1542（2021）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Keshavarz, B., Riecke, B. E., Hettinger, L. J. & Campos, J. L. Vection and visually induced motion sickness: How are they related?. Front. Psychol. 6, 472 (2015).Article

Keshavarz，B.，Riecke，B.E.，Hettinger，L.J。＆Campos，J.L。矢量和视觉诱发的运动病：它们是如何相关的？。正面。心理学。6472（2015）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Sawada, Y. et al. Effects of synchronised engine sound and vibration presentation on visually induced motion sickness. Sci. Rep. 10, 7553 (2020).Article

Sawada，Y.等人。同步发动机声音和振动表现对视觉诱发运动病的影响。科学。代表107553（2020）。文章

ADS

广告

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Caserman, P., Garcia-Agundez, A., Gámez Zerban, A. & Göbel, S. Cybersickness in current-generation virtual reality head-mounted displays: Systematic review and outlook. Virtual Real. 25, 1153–1170 (2021).Article

Caserman，P.，Garcia-Agundez，A.，Gámez-Zerban，A。＆Göbel，S。当代虚拟现实头戴式显示器中的网络病：系统综述和展望。虚拟现实。251153-1170（2021）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Keshavarz, B. & Golding, J. F. Motion sickness: Current concepts and management. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 35, 107–112 (2022).Article

Keshavarz，B。＆Golding，J.F。晕动病：当前的概念和管理。货币。奥平。神经病学。35107-112（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Reinhard, R. et al. The best way to assess visually induced motion sickness in a fixed-base driving simulator. Transp. Res. F 48, 74–88 (2017).Article

Reinhard，R.等人。在固定基础驾驶模拟器中评估视觉诱发运动病的最佳方法。运输。第F 48、74–88号决议（2017年）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Howarth, P. A. & Hodder, S. G. J. D. Characteristics of habituation to motion in a virtual environment. Displays 29, 117–123 (2008).Article

Howarth，P.A。＆Hodder，S.G.J.D。虚拟环境中运动习惯的特征。显示29117–123（2008）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kennedy, R. S., Stanney, K. M. & Dunlap, W. P. Duration and exposure to virtual environments: Sickness curves during and across sessions. Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ. 9, 463–472 (2000).Article

Kennedy，R.S.，Stanney，K.M。和Dunlap，W.P。持续时间和虚拟环境暴露：治疗期间和治疗期间的疾病曲线。Presence Telecomporters虚拟环境。9463-472（2000）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Mackrous, I., Lavallière, M. & Teasdale, N. Adaptation to simulator sickness in older drivers following multiple sessions in a driving simulator. Gerontechnology 12, 101–111 (2014).Article

Mackrous，I.，Lavallière，M。＆Teasdale，N。在驾驶模拟器中多次训练后，老年驾驶员适应模拟器疾病。。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Domeyer, J. E., Cassavaugh, N. D. & Backs, R. W. The use of adaptation to reduce simulator sickness in driving assessment and research. Accid. Anal. Prev. 53, 127–132 (2013).Article

Domeyer，J.E.，Cassavaugh，N.D。和Backs，R.W。在驾驶评估和研究中使用适应性来减少模拟器疾病。账户ID。肛门。上一页。53127-132（2013）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Reason, J. T. Motion sickness adaptation: A neural mismatch model. J. R. Soc. Med. 71, 819–829 (1978).Article

Reason，J.T。晕动病适应：神经不匹配模型。J、 《社会医学杂志》71819-829（1978）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Zhang, L. L. et al. Motion sickness: Current knowledge and recent advance. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 22, 15–24 (2016).Article

Zhang，L.L.等人。运动病：当前知识和最新进展。中枢神经系统神经科学。他们。22,15-24（2016）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Krakauer, J. W., Ghez, C. & Ghilardi, M. F. Adaptation to visuomotor transformations: Consolidation, interference, and forgetting. J. Neurosci. 25, 473–478 (2005).Article

Krakauer，J.W.，Ghez，C。＆Ghilardi，M.F。适应视觉运动转换：巩固，干扰和遗忘。J、 神经科学。25473-478（2005）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Trempe, M. & Proteau, L. Distinct consolidation outcomes in a visuomotor adaptation task: Off-line leaning and persistent after-effect. Brain Cogn. 73, 135–145 (2010).Article

Trempe，M。＆Proteau，L。视觉运动适应任务中不同的巩固结果：离线学习和持续的后效。大脑认知。73135-145（2010）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Yamada, C., Itaguchi, Y. & Fukuzawa, K. Effects of the amount of practice and time interval between practice sessions on the retention of internal models. PLOS One 14, e0215331 (2019).Article

Yamada，C.，Itaguchi，Y。和Fukuzawa，K。练习量和练习时间间隔对保留内部模型的影响。PLOS One 14，e0215331（2019）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Criscimagna-Hemminger, S. E. & Shadmehr, R. Consolidation patterns of human motor memory. J. Neurosci. 28, 9610–9618 (2008).Article

Criscimagna Hemminger，S.E。和Shadmehr，R。人类运动记忆的巩固模式。J、 神经科学。289610-9618（2008）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Doyon, J. et al. Contribution of night and day sleep versus simple passage of time to the consolidation of motor sequence and visuomotor adaptation learning. Exp. Brain Res. 195, 15–26 (2009).Article

Doyon，J。等人。夜间和白天睡眠与简单的时间流逝对巩固运动序列和视觉运动适应学习的贡献。Exp.Brain Res.195，15-26（2009）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Morita, Y., Ogawa, K. & Uchida, S. The effect of a daytime 2-h nap on complex motor skill learning. Sleep Biol. Rhythms 10, 302–309 (2012).Article

Morita，Y.，Ogawa，K。＆Uchida，S。白天2小时小睡对复杂运动技能学习的影响。睡眠生物。节奏10302-309（2012）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Pekny, S. E. & Shadmehr, R. Optimizing effort: Increased efficiency of motor memory with time away from practice. J. Neurophysiol. 113, 445–454 (2015).Article

Pekny，S.E.＆Shadmehr，R。优化努力：随着远离练习的时间的增加，运动记忆的效率提高。J、 神经生理学。113445-454（2015）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Shadmehr, R. & Brashers-Krug, T. Functional stages in the formation of human long-term motor memory. J. Neurosci. 17, 409–419 (1997).Article

Shadmehr，R。＆Brashers-Krug，T。人类长期运动记忆形成的功能阶段。J、 神经科学。17409-419（1997）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Walker, M. P., Brakefield, T., Morgan, A., Hobson, J. A. & Stickgold, R. Practice with sleep makes perfect: Sleep-dependent motor skill learning. Neuron 35, 205–211 (2002).Article

Walker，M.P.，Brakefield，T.，Morgan，A.，Hobson，J.A。＆Stickgold，R。睡眠练习使完美：依赖睡眠的运动技能学习。神经元35205-211（2002）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Golding, J. F. & Stott, J. R. Objective and subjective time courses of recovery from motion sickness assessed by repeated motion challenges. J. Vestib. Res. 7, 421–428 (1997).Article

Golding，J.F。＆Stott，J.R。通过反复运动挑战评估运动病恢复的客观和主观时间过程。J、 维斯塔布。第7421-428号决议（1997年）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Golding, J. F. Motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire revised and its relationship to other forms of sickness. Brain Res. Bull. 47, 507–516 (1998).Article

Golding，J.F。运动病易感性问卷修订及其与其他疾病的关系。Brain Res.公牛。。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S. & Lilienthal, M. G. Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. 3, 203–220 (1993).Article

Kennedy，R.S.，Lane，N.E.，Berbaum，K.S。和Lilienthal，M.G。模拟器疾病问卷：量化模拟器疾病的增强方法。内景J.阿维特。心理学。3203-220（1993）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Keshavarz, B. & Hecht, H. Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness. Hum. Factors 53, 415–426 (2011).Article

Keshavarz，B。＆Hecht，H。验证了一种量化晕动病的有效方法。哼，《因素》53415–426（2011）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Stoffregen, T. A., Chen, Y.-C. & Koslucher, F. C. Motion control, motion sickness, and the postural dynamics of mobile devices. Exp. Brain Res. 232, 1389–1397 (2014).Article

Stoffregen，T.A.，Chen，Y.-C。和Koslucher，F.C。运动控制，运动病和移动设备的姿势动力学。Exp.Brain Res.2321389–1397（2014）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Brashers-Krug, T., Shadmehr, R. & Bizzi, E. Consolidation in human motor memory. Nature 382, 252–255 (1996).Article

Brashers Krug，T.，Shadmehr，R。＆Bizzi，E。巩固人类运动记忆。自然382252-255（1996）。文章

ADS

广告

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Krakauer, J. W. Motor learning and consolidation: The case of visuomotor rotation. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 629, 405–421 (2009).Article

Krakauer，J.W。运动学习和巩固：视觉运动旋转的情况。高级实验医学生物学。629405-421（2009）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Itaguchi, Y. & Fukuzawa, K. Influence of speed and accuracy constraints on motor learning for a trajectory-based movement. J. Mot. Behav. 50, 653–663 (2018).Article

Itaguchi，Y。＆Fukuzawa，K。速度和精度约束对基于轨迹的运动的运动学习的影响。J、 莫特。。50653-663（2018）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Albouy, G. et al. Daytime sleep enhances consolidation of the spatial but not motoric representation of motor sequence memory. PLOS One 8, e52805 (2013).Article

Albouy，G。等人。白天睡眠增强了运动序列记忆的空间而非运动表征的巩固。《公共科学图书馆·综合》第8期，第52805页（2013年）。文章

ADS

广告

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Miall, R. C. & Wolpert, D. M. Forward models for physiological motor control. Neural Netw. 9, 1265–1279 (1996).Article

Miall，R.C。＆Wolpert，D.M。生理运动控制的正向模型。神经网络。91265-1279（1996）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Wolpert, D. M., Ghahramani, Z. & Jordan, M. I. An internal model for sensorimotor integration. Science 269, 1880–1882 (1995).Article

。科学2691880-1882（1995）。文章

ADS

广告

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Itaguchi, Y., Sugimori, E. & Fukuzawa, K. Schizotypal traits and forearm motor control against self-other produced action in a bimanual unloading task. Neuropsychologia 113, 43–51 (2018).Article

Itaguchi，Y.，Sugimori，E。和Fukuzawa，K。在双手卸载任务中，分裂型特征和前臂运动控制对抗自我-其他产生的动作。神经心理学113,43-51（2018）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Carriot, J., Brooks, J. X. & Cullen, K. E. Multimodal integration of self-motion cues in the vestibular system: Active versus passive translations. J. Neurosci. 33, 19555–19566 (2013).Article

Carriot，J.，Brooks，J。X。和Cullen，K。E。前庭系统中自我运动线索的多模式整合：主动与被动翻译。J、 神经科学。3319555–19566（2013）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Cullen, K. E. Internal models of self-motion: Neural computations by the vestibular cerebellum. Trends Neurosci. 46, 986–1002 (2023).Article

Cullen，K.E。自我运动的内部模型：前庭小脑的神经计算。趋势神经科学。46986-1002（2023）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Dudai, Y. The neurobiology of consolidations, or, how stable is the engram?. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 55, 51–86 (2004).Article

Dudai，Y。巩固的神经生物学，或者说，英语有多稳定？。年。心理学牧师。55，51-86（2004）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Gais, S. et al. Sleep transforms the cerebral trace of declarative memories. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 18778–18783 (2007).Article

Gais，S.等人，《睡眠改变陈述性记忆的大脑痕迹》。程序。国家科学院。科学。美国10418778–18783（2007）。文章

ADS

广告

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Tetzlaff, C., Kolodziejski, C., Timme, M., Tsodyks, M. & Wörgötter, F. Synaptic scaling enables dynamically distinct short- and long-term memory formation. PLOS Comput. Biol. 9, e1003307 (2013).Article

Tetzlaff，C.，Kolodziejski，C.，Timme，M.，Tsodyks，M。＆Wörgötter，F。突触缩放可以动态区分短期和长期记忆的形成。PLOS计算机。生物学9，e1003307（2013）。文章

ADS

广告

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Rosenberg, T. et al. The roles of protein expression in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 7, 86 (2014).Article

Rosenberg，T。等人。蛋白质表达在突触可塑性和记忆巩固中的作用。正面。分子神经科学。7，86（2014）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Hu, S. & Stern, R. M. The retention of adaptation to motion sickness eliciting stimulation. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 70, 766–768 (1999).CAS

Hu，S。＆Stern，R.M。保持对引起运动病的刺激的适应。Aviat公司。太空环境。医学70766-768（1999）。中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Paillard, A. C. et al. Motion sickness susceptibility in healthy subjects and vestibular patients: Effects of gender, age and trait-anxiety. J. Vestib. Res. 23, 203–209 (2013).Article

Paillard，A.C.等人，《健康受试者和前庭患者的运动病易感性：性别、年龄和特质焦虑的影响》。J、 维斯塔布。第23、203–209号决议（2013年）。文章

CAS

中科院

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Ugur, E., Konukseven, B. O., Topdag, M., Cakmakci, M. E. & Topdag, D. O. Expansion to the motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire-short form: A cross-sectional study. J. Audiol. Otol. 26, 76–82 (2022).Article

Ugur，E.，Konukseven，B.O.，Topdag，M.，Cakmakci，M.E。和Topdag，D.O。扩展到运动病易感性问卷简表：一项横断面研究。J、 音频。奥托尔。26，76-82（2022）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Keshavarz, B., Ramkhalawansingh, R., Haycock, B., Shahab, S. & Campos, J. L. Comparing simulator sickness in younger and older adults during simulated driving under different multisensory conditions. Transp. Res. F 54, 47–62 (2018).Article

Keshavarz，B.，Ramkhalawansingh，R.，Haycock，B.，Shahab，S。＆Campos，J.L。比较了在不同多感官条件下模拟驾驶期间年轻人和老年人的模拟器疾病。运输。第F 54、47-62号决议（2018年）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Lo, H. S. & Xie, S. Q. Exoskeleton robots for upper-limb rehabilitation: State of the art and future prospects. Med. Eng. Phys. 34, 261–268 (2012).Article

Lo，H.S.＆Xie，S.Q。用于上肢康复的外骨骼机器人：现状和未来前景。医学工程物理。34261-268（2012）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Lotze, M., Braun, C., Birbaumer, N., Anders, S. & Cohen, L. G. Motor learning elicited by voluntary drive. Brain 126, 866–872 (2003).Article

Lotze，M.，Braun，C.，Birbaumer，N.，Anders，S。＆Cohen，L.G。由自愿驱动引发的运动学习。大脑126866-872（2003）。文章

PubMed

PubMed

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Péruch, P. & Wilson, P. N. Active versus passive learning and testing in a complex outside built environment. Cogn. Process. 5, 218–227 (2004).Article

Péruch，P。＆Wilson，P.N。在复杂的外部构建环境中进行主动与被动学习和测试。科恩。过程。5218-227（2004）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Dennison, M. S., Wisti, A. Z. & D’Zmura, M. Use of physiological signals to predict cybersickness. Displays 44, 42–52 (2016).Article

Dennison，M.S.，Wisti，A.Z。＆D'Zmura，M。使用生理信号预测网络疾病。显示44,42-52（2016）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Naqvi, S. A. A. et al. EEG based time and frequency dynamics analysis of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS). Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med. 38, 721–729 (2015).Article

Naqvi，S.A.A.等人。基于EEG的视觉诱发运动病（VIMS）的时间和频率动力学分析。澳大利亚。物理。工程科学。医学38721-729（2015）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Sugita, N. et al. Evaluation of adaptation to visually induced motion sickness based on the maximum cross-correlation between pulse transmission time and heart rate. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 4, 35 (2007).Article

Sugita，N.等人。基于脉冲传输时间和心率之间的最大互相关来评估对视觉诱发运动病的适应。J、 神经工程。。文章

PubMed

PubMed

PubMed Central

公共医学中心

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Krokos, E. & Varshney, A. Quantifying VR cybersickness using EEG. Virtual Real. 26, 77–89 (2022).Article

Krokos，E。＆Varshney，A。使用EEG量化VR网络病。虚拟现实。26，77-89（2022）。文章

Google Scholar

谷歌学者

Venkatakrishnan, R. et al. Comparative evaluation of the effects of motion control on cybersickness in immersive virtual environments. In 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces. (VR). 672–681 (2020).Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis work was supported by KAKENHI (grant numbers 22H00502 and 19H01087).

Venkatakrishnan，R.等人。沉浸式虚拟环境中运动控制对网络病影响的比较评估。2020年IEEE虚拟现实和3D用户界面会议。（VR）。672-681（2020）。下载参考文献致谢这项工作得到了KAKENHI的支持（授权号22H00502和19H01087）。

The funder played no role in the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or in the writing of this manuscript. The authors thank J. Ikki for providing technical assistance during the experiments and N. Enomoto and Y. Sato for their administrative support in conducting the experiments.

资助者在研究设计，数据收集，分析和解释数据或撰写本手稿方面没有发挥任何作用。作者感谢J.Ikki在实验期间提供的技术援助，以及N.Enomoto和Y.Sato在进行实验时提供的行政支持。

The authors also thank K. Aigo for his contribution to preliminary experiments.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Chihiro Kasegawa and Yoshihiro Itaguchi.Authors and AffiliationsDepartment of Informatics, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8011, JapanChihiro Kasegawa, Yumi Yamawaki, Masami Hayashi & Makoto MiyazakiDepartment of Psychology, Keio University, Tokyo, 108-8345, JapanYoshihiro ItaguchiYamaha Motor Co., Ltd., Iwata, 438-8501, JapanMasayuki MikiFaculty of Informatics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8011, JapanMakoto MiyazakiAuthorsChihiro KasegawaView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

。作者信息作者注意到这些作者做出了同样的贡献：Chihiro Kasegawa和Yoshihiro Itaguchi。作者和附属机构静冈大学综合科学与技术研究生院信息学系，Hamamatsu，432-8011，JapanChihiro Kasegawa，Yumi Yamawaki，Masami Hayashi&Makoto MiyazakiDepartment of Psychology，Keio University，Tokyo，108-8345，JapanYoshihiro ItaguchiYamaha Motor Co.，Ltd.，Iwata，438-8501，JapanMasayuki MikiFaculty of Information，静冈大学，Hamamatsu，432-8011，JapanMakoto MiyazakiAuthorsChihiro Kasegawava查看作者出版物您也可以在中搜索此作者。

PubMed Google ScholarYoshihiro ItaguchiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarYoshihiro ItaguchiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarYumi YamawakiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarYumi YamawakiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarMasayuki MikiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarMasayuki MikiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarMasami HayashiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarMasami HayashiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarMakoto MiyazakiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarMakoto MiyazakiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsAll authors contributed to the design of the experiments and discussed the results. C.K., Y.Y., and M.H. conducted the experiments and performed basic data processing. Y.I. conducted statistical analyses and wrote the manuscript. M.M. supervised the project.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献所有作者都为实验设计做出了贡献，并讨论了结果。C、 K.，Y.Y。和M.H.进行了实验并进行了基本数据处理。Y、 。M、 M.监督项目。

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to.

所有作者都阅读并批准了最终稿件。通讯作者通讯。

Yoshihiro Itaguchi or Makoto Miyazaki.Ethics declarations

衣口良弘或宫崎Makoto。道德宣言

Competing interests

相互竞争的利益

The authors declare no competing interests.

作者声明没有利益冲突。

Additional informationPublisher's noteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Supplementary InformationSupplementary Tables.Supplementary Video 1.Rights and permissions

Additional informationPublisher的noteSpringer Nature在已发布地图和机构隶属关系中的管辖权主张方面保持中立。补充信息补充表。补充视频1.权利和权限

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material.

开放获取本文是根据知识共享署名非商业性NoDerivatives 4.0国际许可证授权的，该许可证允许以任何媒介或格式进行任何非商业性使用，共享，分发和复制，只要您对原始作者和来源给予适当的信任，提供知识共享许可证的链接，并指出您是否修改了许可材料。

You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

根据本许可证，您无权共享源自本文或其部分的改编材料。本文中的图像或其他第三方材料包含在文章的知识共享许可证中，除非该材料的信用额度中另有说明。如果材料未包含在文章的知识共享许可中，并且您的预期用途不受法律法规的许可或超出许可用途，则您需要直接获得版权所有者的许可。

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/..

要查看此许可证的副本，请访问http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/..

Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleKasegawa, C., Itaguchi, Y., Yamawaki, Y. et al. Effects of within-day intervals on adaptation to visually induced motion sickness in a virtual-reality motorcycling simulator.

转载和许可本文引用本文Kasegawa，C.，Itaguchi，Y.，Yamawaki，Y。等人在虚拟现实摩托车模拟器中日间间隔对适应视觉诱发的运动病的影响。

Sci Rep 14, 21302 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71526-9Download citationReceived: 11 October 2023Accepted: 28 August 2024Published: 22 September 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71526-9Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

科学报告1421302（2024）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71526-9Download引文接收日期：2023年10月11日接收日期：2024年8月28日发布日期：2024年9月22日OI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71526-9Share本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容：获取可共享链接对不起，本文目前没有可共享的链接。复制到剪贴板。

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

由Springer Nature SharedIt内容共享计划提供

KeywordsVirtual realitySimulator sicknessMotion sicknessAdaptationMultisensory learning

关键词虚拟现实模拟器疾病运动疾病适应多感官学习

Subjects

主题

Human behaviourSensorimotor processing

人类行为感觉运动加工

CommentsBy submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

评论通过提交评论，您同意遵守我们的条款和社区指南。如果您发现有虐待行为或不符合我们的条款或准则，请将其标记为不合适。