AbstractTraditional risk factors and biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been mainly discovered through clinical observations. Nevertheless, there is still a gap in knowledge in more sophisticated CVD risk factor stratification and more reliable treatment outcome prediction, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms at the molecular level.

摘要心血管疾病（CVD）的传统危险因素和生物标志物主要通过临床观察发现。尽管如此，在更复杂的心血管疾病危险因素分层和更可靠的治疗结果预测方面仍存在知识差距，这突出表明需要在分子水平上更全面地了解疾病机制。

This need has been addressed by integrating information derived from multiomics studies, which provides systematic insights into the different layers of the central dogma in molecular biology. With the advancement of technologies such as NMR and UPLC-MS, metabolomics have become a powerhouse in pharmaceutical and clinical research for high-throughput, robust, quantitative characterisation of metabolic profiles in various types of biospecimens.

通过整合来自多组学研究的信息来解决这一需求，该研究为分子生物学中心教条的不同层面提供了系统的见解。随着NMR和UPLC-MS等技术的进步，代谢组学已经成为药物和临床研究的强大力量，可以对各种类型的生物样本中的代谢谱进行高通量，稳健，定量表征。

In this review, we highlight the versatile value of metabolomics spanning from targeted and untargeted identification of novel biomarkers and biochemical pathways, to tracing drug pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions for more personalised medication in CVD research (Fig. 1)..

在这篇综述中，我们强调了代谢组学的多方面价值，从靶向和非靶向鉴定新的生物标志物和生化途径，到追踪药物药代动力学和药物相互作用，以便在CVD研究中进行更个性化的药物治疗（图1）。。

IntroductionBy definition, cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to diseases that are related to heart muscles and the vascular system supporting it. Ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke and congestive heart failure (CHF) are the predominant types of CVD. In the early 1900s, CVD had been a leading cause of death in the developed world, accounting for 50% of deaths in high-income countries and 28% of deaths in low- and mid-income countries1.

引言根据定义，心血管疾病（CVD）是指与心肌及其支持的血管系统有关的疾病。缺血性心脏病（IHD），中风和充血性心力衰竭（CHF）是CVD的主要类型。在20世纪初，心血管疾病是发达国家的主要死亡原因，占高收入国家死亡人数的50%，占中低收入国家死亡人数的28%。

Despite the decline in age-adjusted death rates since 1950s2, according to the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) in 2019, among 369 diseases, CVD was still one of the leading causes of reduced health and life expectancy in people older than 503. Therefore, there is an imminent need for more effective CVD management to improve people’s life quality and to relieve the burden CVD imposes on the healthcare system4,5,6,7.

根据2019年全球疾病、伤害和危险因素负担研究（GBD），尽管自1950s2以来年龄调整死亡率有所下降，但在369种疾病中，心血管疾病仍然是503岁以上人群健康和预期寿命下降的主要原因之一。因此，迫切需要更有效的心血管疾病管理，以改善人们的生活质量，减轻心血管疾病给医疗系统带来的负担4,5,6,7。

To this end, knowledge derived from conventional clinical monitoring or observations of the various types of risk factors (e.g. diet, medication, other diseases or disorders) and data-driven systematic characterisation of the genome, proteome, lipidome and metabolome will be useful for building a comprehensive knowledge base for biomarker identification and personalised disease prevention and treatment prognosis prediction8,9,10.

为此，从常规临床监测或各种类型风险因素（例如饮食，药物，其他疾病或紊乱）的观察以及基因组，蛋白质组，脂质组和代谢组的数据驱动的系统表征中获得的知识将有助于建立一个全面的知识库，用于生物标志物鉴定和个性化疾病预防和治疗预后预测8,9,10。

In this review, we assess the values and limitations of the traditional CVD risk factors and discuss how omics technologies have facilitated the identification of new risk factors or biomarkers. We then focus on the added value of metabolomics approaches to CVD research by first highlighting its technological maturation from a qualitative description tool to a more quantitative molecular characterisation workhorse.

在这篇综述中，我们评估了传统CVD风险因素的价值和局限性，并讨论了组学技术如何促进新风险因素或生物标志物的识别。然后，我们将重点放在代谢组学方法对心血管疾病研究的附加价值上，首先强调其技术成熟程度，从定性描述工具到更定量的分子表征工具。

We discuss the particular suitableness of metabolom.

我们讨论了代谢组学的特殊适用性。

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Junyan Lu and Min Zhang for reading and providing critical feedback on the manuscript. The authors are funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research as part of the DIASyM project under grant number 161L0218.FundingOpen Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsInstitute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyBoyao Zhang & Thierry SchmidlinAuthorsBoyao ZhangView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

。作者由德国联邦教育和研究部资助，作为DIASyM项目的一部分，资助号为161L0218。资助开放获取资金由Projekt DEAL启用和组织。作者信息作者和附属机构约翰内斯·古腾堡大学医学中心免疫学研究所美因茨，美因茨，GermanyBoyao Zhang＆Thierry SchmidlinAuthorsBoyao ZhangView作者出版物您也可以在中搜索这位作者。

PubMed Google ScholarThierry SchmidlinView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarThierry SchmidlinView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsConceptualisation, B.Z. and T.S.; writing, original draft preparation, B.Z.; reviewing and editing, B.Z. and T.S.; visualisation, B.Z.; supervision, T.S. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to.

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleZhang, B., Schmidlin, T. Recent advances in cardiovascular disease research driven by metabolomics technologies in the context of systems biology.

转载和许可本文引用本文Zhang，B.，Schmidlin，T。在系统生物学背景下由代谢组学技术驱动的心血管疾病研究的最新进展。

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