AbstractThere are available studies assessing the development of maxillary sinuses in relation to the viscerocranium. However, there are no publications analyzing the development of maxillary sinuses in relation to the development of the cranium, i.e. both the viscerocranium and the neurocranium. The aim of the study was to analyze the correlation between the dimensions of maxillary sinuses and anthropometric measurements of the cranium in children.

摘要有可用的研究评估上颌窦与内脏颅骨的关系。然而，没有出版物分析上颌窦的发育与颅骨的发育有关，即内脏颅骨和神经颅骨。。

The study was retrospective and was conducted at the based on the results of head computed tomography investigation. The study group included 180 girls and 180 boys, aged from birth to 18 years. To assess the correlation between the degree of development of the paranasal sinuses and the growth of the cranium, standard anthropometric points on the skull and strictly defined dimensions of the height, length, width, and volume of right and left maxillary sinuses were used.

这项研究是回顾性的，是根据头部计算机断层扫描调查的结果进行的。研究组包括180名女孩和180名男孩，年龄从出生到18岁。为了评估副鼻窦发育程度与颅骨生长之间的相关性，使用了颅骨上的标准人体测量点以及左右上颌窦的高度，长度，宽度和体积的严格定义尺寸。

In the study group, both in girls and boys, a statistically significant positive correlation was found at the significance level of p < 0.0001 between: the height, length, width and volume of right and left maxillary sinuses, and cranial maximum length (glabella-opisthocranion), its maximum width (euryon-euryon), height (basion-bregma) and the length of the cranial base (basion-nasion) and the dimension of the subspinale-opisthocranion in children.

在研究组中，无论是女孩还是男孩，左右上颌窦的高度，长度，宽度和体积与颅骨最大长度（glabella opisthocranion），其最大宽度（euryon-euryon），身高（basion bregma）和颅底长度（basion nasion）之间的显着性水平p<。

Our study showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the development of maxillary sinuses and the growth of the cranium in children..

我们的研究表明，儿童上颌窦的发育与颅骨的生长之间存在统计学上显着的正相关。。

IntroductionFunctionally and anatomically, there are two main parts of the cranium: the neurocranium and the viscerocranium. The neurocranium consists of the calvaria and the cranial base. This division has both functional and developmental significance. The neurocranium surrounds and protects the brain, whereas the viscerocranium forms the skeleton of the face.

引言从功能和解剖学上讲，颅骨有两个主要部分：神经颅骨和内脏颅骨。神经颅骨由颅盖和颅底组成。该部门具有功能和发展意义。神经颅骨包围并保护大脑，而内脏颅骨形成面部骨骼。

The development of the brain has a decisive influence on the growth of the calvaria. The development of the cranial base is primarily responsible for the elongation of the cranium. However, the growth of the viscerocranium is related to the development of facial organs and structures1,2.Maxillary sinuses are the largest paranasal sinuses, they constitute a large space located inside the jaws and are normally filled with air3,4.

大脑的发育对颅骨的生长有着决定性的影响。颅底的发育是颅骨伸长的主要原因。然而，内脏颅骨的生长与面部器官和结构的发育有关1,2。上颌窦是最大的副鼻窦，它们构成位于颌骨内的大空间，通常充满空气3,4。

The development of maxillary sinuses begins already in fetal life and continues after birth1,4. In the following years of life, maxillary sinuses increase in size pneumatizing the jaws3,5,6.There are available studies assessing the development of maxillary sinuses in relation to the age of children7,8,9,10,11.

上颌窦的发育已经在胎儿生命中开始，并在出生后继续1,4。在接下来的几年中，上颌窦的大小增加，使下颌气化3,5,6。有研究评估了上颌窦的发育与儿童年龄的关系7,8,9,10,11。

The studies conducted so far have estimated the development of maxillary sinuses in reference to the development of the viscerocranium. These studies demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between the dimensions of maxillary sinuses and defined anthropometric measurements of the viscerocranium12.

到目前为止进行的研究已经根据内脏颅骨的发育来估计上颌窦的发育。。

Przystańska at al. analyzed the development of maxillary sinuses in relation to the following anthropometric measurements: zygion - zygion, zygomaxillare - zygomaxillare, nasion - prosthion, nasospinale - prosthion and nasospinale - P (measurement not found in craniometry)12. However, according to our knowledge there are no publications analyzing the development of maxillary s.

Przystańska等人分析了上颌窦的发育与以下人体测量的关系：zygion-zygion，Zygomaillare-Zygomaillare，nasion-Prothion，nasospinale-Prothion和nasospinale-P（在颅骨测量中未发现测量值）12。然而，据我们所知，没有出版物分析上颌s的发展。

1.

1.

Maximum cranial length (g-op): The straight-line distance from glabella (g) to opisthocranion (op) in the median plane (mid-sagittal plane).

最大颅骨长度（g-op）：在中位平面（中矢状面）从眉间（g）到颅骨（op）的直线距离。

2.

2.

Maximum cranial breadth (eu-eu): The maximum width of the skull perpendicular to the median plane (mid-sagittal plane) wherever it is located except for the inferior temporal line and the immediate area surrounding the latter (i.e. the posterior roots of the zygomatic arches and supramastoid crest)..

最大颅骨宽度（eu eu）：颅骨垂直于正中平面（中矢状面）的最大宽度，除了颞下线和颞下线周围的紧邻区域（即颧弓和乳突上嵴的后根）。。

3.

3.

Cranial height or basion-bregma height (ba-b): The straight distance from the lowest point on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum - basion (ba) to bregma (b).

颅骨高度或基底前囟高度（ba-b）：从枕骨大孔（ba）前缘最低点到前囟（b）的直线距离。

4.

4.

Cranial base length (ba-n): The straight distance from nasion (n) to basion (ba).

颅底长度（ba-n）：从鼻（n）到基底（ba）的直线距离。

5.

5.

Subspinale-opisthocranion length (ss-op): The straight distance from subspinale (ss) to opisthocranion (op).

Subspinale opisthocranon length（ss-op）：从Subspinale（ss）到opisthocranon（op）的直线距离。

6.

6.

Bizygomatic breadth (zy-zy): The straight distance between most lateral points on both zygomatic arches.

双颧宽度（zy-zy）：两个颧弓上最外侧点之间的直线距离。

7.

7.

Zygomaxillare-zygomaxillare breadth (bimaxillary breadth) (zm-zm): The breadth across the maxillae, from the left to right zygomaxillare (zm).

颧骨颧骨宽度（双颌宽度）（zm-zm）：上颌骨的宽度，从左到右颧骨（zm）。

8.

8.

Glabella-subspinale height (g-ss): The straight distance from glabella (g) to subspinale (ss).

眉间小孢子高度（g-ss）：从眉间（g）到小孢子（ss）的直线距离。

9.

9.

Basion-subspinale length (ba-ss): The straight distance from basion (ba) to subspinale (ss).

。

The analyzed points and anthropometric measurements are presented in Fig. 1.Table 1 Anatomical landmarks used in the present study including abbreviations and definitions14,15,16,17.Full size tableFig. 1Computed tomography of the head in children demonstrating cranial landmarks and measurements cranium used in the study.Full size imageMeasurements of the maxillary sinusesThe assessment of maxillary sinuses in each patient included bilateral measurements in three planes: sagittal, frontal and transverse.

分析的点和人体测量结果如图1所示。表1本研究中使用的解剖标志，包括缩写和定义14,15,16,17。全尺寸表图。1儿童头部的计算机断层扫描显示了研究中使用的颅骨标志和测量值。上颌窦的全尺寸图像测量每位患者的上颌窦评估包括三个平面的双侧测量：矢状面，额叶和横向。

The maximal vertical diameter of the maxillary sinus perpendicular to the transverse plane was defined as the height of the maxillary sinus. The maximum anteroposterior diameter of the maxillary sinus perpendicular to the frontal plane was defined as the length of the maxillary sinus and the maximum transverse diameter of the maxillary sinus perpendicular to the sagittal plane was defined as the width of the maxillary sinus.

垂直于横切面的上颌窦的最大垂直直径定义为上颌窦的高度。垂直于额叶平面的上颌窦的最大前后径定义为上颌窦的长度，垂直于矢状面的上颌窦的最大横向直径定义为上颌窦的宽度。

The volume of maxillary sinuses was also measured using the IntelliSpace Portal 7.0 program with the “Tumor Tracking” option. All measurements are the internal dimensions of maxillary sinuses taken in the bone window (Fig. 2).Fig. 2Computed tomography of the head in children showing the measurements of the maxillary sinuses: height, length, width and volume used in the study.Full size imageStatistical analysisDescriptive statistical values for continuous variables were presented as the mean and standard deviation along with 95% confidence interval (CI).

还使用IntelliSpace Portal 7.0程序和“肿瘤跟踪”选项测量了上颌窦的体积。所有测量都是在骨窗中拍摄的上颌窦的内部尺寸（图2）。图2儿童头部的计算机断层扫描显示了上颌窦的测量结果：研究中使用的高度，长度，宽度和体积。全尺寸图像统计分析连续变量的描述性统计值表示为平均值和标准差以及95%置信区间（CI）。

Nominal variables were described as counts. Student’s t-test was used to compare a continuous variable between two groups, and paired student’s t-test was used to compare measurements between left and right side. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson correlations. The following di.

名义变量被描述为计数。学生t检验用于比较两组之间的连续变量，配对学生t检验用于比较左侧和右侧的测量值。使用Pearson相关性评估变量之间的相关性。。

Data availability

数据可用性

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author: Przemysław Kiciński, e-mail: kicinskiprzemko@gmail.com or przemyslaw.kicinski@umed.lodz.pl.

支持本研究结果的数据可从通讯作者处获得：Przemysław Kiciński，电子邮件：kicinskiprzemko@gmail.com或przemyslaw.kicinski@umed.lodz.pl.

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Download referencesAuthor informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Angiology, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, PolandPrzemysław KicińskiIII Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, PolandMichał PodgórskiDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USABeata MałachowskaDepartment of Diagnostic Imagining, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, PolandPiotr GrzelakDepartment of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, PolandMichał PolgujAuthorsPrzemysław KicińskiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsP.K.: conception of the study, methodology of the study, collection and management of data, interpretation of data, formal analysis of data, writing of manuscript and editing of manuscript; M.Podgórski: methodology of the study, collection and management of data, interpretation of data and editing of manuscript; B.M.: interpretation of data, formal analysis of data and editing of manuscript; P.G.: methodology of the study, interpretation of data and editing of manuscript; M.Polguj: conception of the study, methodology of the study, interpretation of data and editing of manuscript.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献SP。K、 ：研究概念，研究方法，数据收集和管理，数据解释，数据正式分析，稿件撰写和稿件编辑；M、 Podgórski：研究方法，数据收集和管理，数据解释和手稿编辑；B、 M.：数据解释，数据正式分析和稿件编辑；P、 G.：研究方法，数据解释和手稿编辑；M、 波尔古吉：研究概念，研究方法，数据解释和手稿编辑。

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleKiciński, P., Podgórski, M., Małachowska, B. et al. Development of maxillary sinuses in relation to the development of cranium in children on computed tomography imaging.

转载和许可本文引用本文Kiciński，P.，Podgórski，M.，Małachowska，B。等人。计算机断层扫描成像中上颌窦的发育与儿童颅骨发育的关系。

Sci Rep 14, 23005 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74586-zDownload citationReceived: 28 May 2024Accepted: 27 September 2024Published: 03 October 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74586-zShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

科学报告1423005（2024）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74586-zDownload引文收到日期：2024年5月28日接受日期：2024年9月27日发布日期：2024年10月3日OI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74586-zShare本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容：获取可共享链接对不起，本文目前没有可共享的链接。。

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KeywordsMaxillary sinusCraniumDevelopmentAnthropometric measurementChildren

关键词上颌窦颅骨发育人体测量儿童

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