AbstractMasticatory muscle forces influence craniofacial morphology development. The antegonial notch (Notch) is a bony concavity on the inferior border of the mandible. Considering the Notch is located anteriorly to the insertion of the masseter muscle and varies among individuals, we hypothesised that these muscles influence the formation of the Notch.

摘要咀嚼肌力影响颅面形态发育。前角切迹（notch）是下颌骨下缘的骨凹陷。考虑到切迹位于咬肌插入的前方，并且因个体而异，我们假设这些肌肉会影响切迹的形成。

Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between mandible morphology and Notch formation. Sixty Japanese patients who visited the Department of Orthodontics at our university hospital were retrospectively evaluated. Morphological and morphometric analyses of the Notch and related craniofacial parameters were conducted using lateral cephalograms taken at the patients’ initial visits.

因此，本研究旨在研究下颌骨形态与缺口形成之间的相关性。回顾性评估了60名访问我们大学医院正畸科的日本患者。使用患者初次就诊时拍摄的侧位头颅图对切迹和相关颅面参数进行形态学和形态计量学分析。

Standard values for the Notch area and depth were determined, and the morphology of the Notch and mandible was analysed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). The mean Notch area and depth was 78.71 ± 36.54 mm2 and 3.11 ± 1.09 mm, respectively. The Notch area was significantly correlated with ramus inclination (p = 0.044, r = 0.261) and with the Y-axis (p = 0.039, r = 0.267).

确定缺口面积和深度的标准值，并使用Spearman等级相关系数分析缺口和下颌骨的形态（p<0.05）。平均切口面积和深度分别为78.71±36.54 mm2和3.11±1.09 mm。切口面积与支倾斜度（p=0.044，r=0.261）和Y轴（p=0.039，r=0.267）显着相关。

This study indicated that both the masticatory muscles and mandibular growth could contribute to the Notch formation..

这项研究表明，咀嚼肌和下颌生长都可能有助于切口的形成。。

IntroductionThe influence of masticatory muscle activity on the development of craniofacial morphology has received considerable attention in the literature1. Via remodelling, the bone adapts to loads to reach the optimal form to withstand them (Wolff ’s law)2; therefore, some studies have reported that the craniofacial skeletal form is largely determined by mechanical loading3,4,5.

引言咀嚼肌活动对颅面形态发育的影响在文献中受到了相当大的关注1。通过重塑，骨骼适应载荷以达到最佳形式来承受它们（沃尔夫定律）2；因此，一些研究报道颅面骨骼形式在很大程度上取决于机械负荷3,4,5。

For example, the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles have large cross sections in people with a short anterior face height and small gonial angle1,6,7,8,9.The antegonial notch (Notch), also known as the gonial notch, pre-masseteric notch, or groove for facial vessels, is a unique characteristic of the mandible and bony concavity on the inferior border of the mandible, located anterior to the insertion of the masseter muscle10.

例如，咬肌和翼内肌在前面部高度短，角角度小的人中具有较大的横截面1,6,7,8,9。前角切迹（notch），也称为角切迹，咬肌前切迹或面部血管凹槽，是下颌骨下缘骨凹陷的独特特征，位于咬肌插入之前10。

It varies among individuals and could be deep, shallow, or even absent9,11,12.During the development, the final position of the mandible may be determined by the following factors: mandibular length, which represents the magnitude, and Y-axis and ramus inclination, which indicates the direction of growth13,14.

它因个体而异，可能是深的，浅的，甚至是不存在的9,11,12。在发育过程中，下颌骨的最终位置可能由以下因素决定：代表大小的下颌长度，以及Y轴和支倾斜，这表明了生长的方向13,14。

Previous studies have shown that the mandible undergoes forward and downward rotation during development7,15,16.Considering the location of the Notch, attachment and retraction force of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles, and direction of the mandibular growth, we hypothesised that the Notch is formed by the following two opposing mechanical forces: clockwise growth of the mandible and counterclockwise retraction force of the masticatory muscles, which elevate the inferior border of the mandible.

先前的研究表明，下颌骨在发育过程中会经历向前和向下的旋转7,15,16。考虑到切迹的位置，咬肌和翼内肌的附着和回缩力以及下颌骨生长的方向，我们假设切迹是由以下两种相反的机械力形成的：下颌骨的顺时针生长和咀嚼肌的逆时针回缩力，这会抬高下颌骨的下缘。

Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between the mandibular growth and Notch formation, in order to reveal the influence of the muscles on.

因此，本研究旨在探讨下颌生长与切迹形成之间的相关性，以揭示肌肉对切迹形成的影响。

Data availability

数据可用性

The data underlying this article are available in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11188875.

本文的基础数据可在Zenodo上获得https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11188875.

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Download referencesFundingThis study did not receive specific grants from public, commercial, or non-profit funding agencies.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Orthodontic Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, JapanAsuka Manabe, Yuri Kinoshita & Takashi OnoDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, JapanKeiko Fukino, Yuri Kinoshita, Norio Kitagawa & Joe IwanagaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USAJoe IwanagaDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Orthodontics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57, Urafune-cho, Minami-ward, Yokohama, 232-0024, Kanagawa, JapanAsuka ManabeAuthorsAsuka ManabeView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

下载参考文献资助该研究未获得公共，商业或非营利资助机构的特定资助。作者信息作者和附属机构东京医科牙科大学（TMDU）正畸科学系，东京，日本幕府，Yuri Kinoshita＆Takashi Onoshi东京医科牙科大学（TMDU）口腔颌面解剖学系，东京，JapanKeiko Fukino，Yuri Kinoshita，Norio Kitagawa＆Joe Iwanagadempartment of Neurosurgery，Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences，Tulane University School of Medicine，New Orleans，LA，USAJoe Iwanagadempartment of Oral and Maxilloical Surgery/Orthontics，Yokohama City University Medical Center，4-57，Urafune cho，Minami ward，Yokohama，232-0024，Kanagawa，JapanAsuka ManabeAuthorsAsuka ManabeView作者出版物您也可以在中搜索这位作者。

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsA.M., K.F., Y.K., N.K., J.I., and T.O. designed and summarized this study. A.M., K.F., Y.K., and N.K. performed data extraction, analysed the results. A.M., and K.F. wrote the main manuscript text. J.I., and T.O. checked the study design and approved the final manuscript as submitted.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献。M、 ，K.F.，Y.K.，N.K.，J.I。和T.O.设计并总结了这项研究。A、 M.，K.F.，Y.K。和N.K.进行了数据提取，分析了结果。A、 M.和K.F.撰写了主要的手稿文本。J、 I.和T.O.检查了研究设计并批准了提交的最终手稿。

A.M., and K.F. reviewed and revised the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript as submitted. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to.

A、 M.和K.F.审查并修订了手稿，并批准了提交的最终手稿。所有作者都阅读并批准了手稿的最终版本。对应作者对应。

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleManabe, A., Fukino, K., Kinoshita, Y. et al. A cephalometric analysis of the antegonial notch in relation to the direction of mandibular growth.

转载和许可本文引用本文Manabe，A.，Fukino，K.，Kinoshita，Y。等人对与下颌生长方向相关的前角切迹的头影测量分析。

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KeywordsAntegonial notchMasticatory muscleMandibleMandibular growth

关键词老年notchMasticatory肌肉和下颌生长

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