AbstractVector-borne diseases account for nearly 20% of all globally recognised infectious diseases. Within the spectrum of flea-borne pathogens, Bartonella and Rickettsia bacteria are prominent, contributing to the emergence and resurgence of diseases on a global scale. This study investigates the presence of species of Bartonella and Rickettsia harboured by fleas collected from wild rodents in northwestern Argentina (NWA).

摘要媒介传播疾病占全球公认传染病的近20%。在跳蚤传播的病原体中，巴尔通体和立克次体细菌很突出，导致全球范围内疾病的出现和死灰复燃。这项研究调查了从阿根廷西北部（NWA）野生啮齿动物身上采集的跳蚤携带的巴尔通体和立克次体物种的存在。

A total of 28 fleas from three genera and seven species were assessed. DNA of Bartonella and Rickettsia spp. was found in 12 fleas (42.8%). Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of gltA and rpoB genes showed the presence of Bartonella quintana in eight fleas of two species, Craneopsylla minerva minerva and Polygenis acodontis.

对来自三属七种的28只跳蚤进行了评估。在12只跳蚤（42.8%）中发现巴尔通体和立克次体的DNA。对gltA和rpoB基因连锁序列的系统发育分析表明，在两种物种的八种跳蚤（Craneopsylla minerva minerva和Polygenis acodontis）中存在五节巴尔通体。

Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of gltA, ompA and ompB genes identified Rickettsia felis in ten fleas of five species, C. m. minerva, P. acodontis, Polygenis bohlsi bohlsi, Polygenis byturus and Tiamastus palpalis. These bacterial species mark the first report in all flea species studied.

gltA，ompA和ompB基因连锁序列的系统发育分析在五种跳蚤的十种跳蚤中鉴定出猫立克次体，C.m.minerva，P.acodontis，Polygenis bohlsi bohlsi，Polygenis byturus和Tiamastus palpalis。这些细菌物种标志着所有研究的跳蚤物种中的第一份报告。

This study represents the first survey of flea-borne bacteria for NWA. The results provide information to address strategies for the control and prevention of bartonellosis and rickettsiosis that could have an impact on public health in one of the geographical areas of Argentina with the highest incidence of infections transmitted to humans by ectoparasites..

这项研究代表了对NWA跳蚤传播细菌的首次调查。这些结果为解决巴尔通体病和立克次体病的控制和预防策略提供了信息，这些策略可能会对阿根廷一个地理区域的公共卫生产生影响，该地理区域是由体外寄生虫传播给人类的感染率最高的地区。。

IntroductionVector-borne diseases account for almost 20% of all known infectious diseases globally1. In recent decades, many zoonotic vector-borne diseases have emerged in new areas, and their incidence has increased both in endemic areas and beyond their known range2. While most studies on zoonotic diseases have historically focused on tick- and mosquito-borne diseases, less attention has been given to flea-borne diseases3.Fleas (Siphonaptera) in the adult stage are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of birds and mainly mammals.

。近几十年来，许多人畜共患媒介传播疾病在新地区出现，其发病率在流行地区和已知范围之外都有所增加2。虽然大多数关于人畜共患疾病的研究历史上都集中在蜱和蚊子传播的疾病上，但对跳蚤传播的疾病的关注较少。成年阶段的跳蚤（虹吸蚤）是鸟类和主要是哺乳动物的专性噬血体外寄生虫。

Rodents are the most diverse group of small mammals that host fleas4.There are numerous flea species associated with wild animals. Although synanthropic flea species are of greatest interest to public health, our constant encroachment on natural areas may introduce new pathways for transmission of a largely unidentified pathogen population of wild fleas5.

啮齿动物是宿主跳蚤最多样化的小型哺乳动物4。与野生动物有关的跳蚤种类很多。虽然同人蚤物种对公共卫生最感兴趣，但我们对自然区域的不断入侵可能会引入新的途径，传播大量未知的野生蚤病原体种群5。

Among the pathogens bacteria transmitted by fleas, Bartonella and Rickettsia are responsible for emerging and re-emerging diseases worldwide6,7.The genus Bartonella comprises facultative intracellular alphaproteobacteria7. Recognised are over 20 Bartonella species, with 12 of them having been linked to human infections8.

在由跳蚤传播的病原体细菌中，巴尔通体和立克次体是全球新出现和重新出现的疾病的原因6,7。巴尔通体属包括兼性细胞内α变形杆菌7。公认的有20多种巴尔通体，其中12种与人类感染有关8。

From a clinical perspective, Bartonella infections can vary in severity from mild to life-threatening and may affect different organs. It is important to note that the clinical course of the infection can also differ9. In Argentina, the data on the occurrence of Bartonella spp. in fleas are extremely scarce.

从临床角度来看，巴尔通体感染的严重程度可能从轻度到危及生命不等，并可能影响不同的器官。值得注意的是，感染的临床过程也可能不同9。在阿根廷，关于巴尔通体在跳蚤中发生的数据极为缺乏。

There are detections in cosmopolitan and synanthropic fleas of Bartonella clarridgeiae in Misiones10, Bartonella vinsonii and Bartonella rochalimae in Patagonia11 and Bartonella spp. in Buenos Aires12,13. Only one study was conducted in natural areas from Patagonia, prov.

在米西奥尼亚的巴尔通体（Bartonella claridgeiae）10，巴塔哥尼亚的巴尔通体（Bartonella vinsonii）和巴尔通体（Bartonella rochalimae11）以及巴尔通体（Bartonella spp.）的世界性和近人性跳蚤中检测到巴尔通体（Bartonella claridgeiae）。在布宜诺斯艾利斯12,13。只有一项研究是在普罗旺斯巴塔哥尼亚的自然地区进行的。

Data availability

数据可用性

All relevant data are within the paper.

所有相关数据都在本文中。

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsThe authors thank the members of the Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (PIDBA) for their help during this study and for the collection of some specimens, as well as Silvana Levis and Julia Brignone (INEVH “Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui”, ANLIS Malbrán), and Rita Armitano (Departamento de Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS Malbrán) kindly provided DNA of bacteria’s that was used in this study as the positive control.

下载参考文献致谢作者感谢阿根廷生物多样性研究所（PIDBA）成员在本研究期间的帮助和一些标本的收集，以及Silvana Levis和Julia Brignone（INEVH“Dr.Julio I.Maiztegui”，ANLIS Malbran）和Rita Armitano（Departamento de Bacteriología，INEI-ANLIS Malbran）友善地提供了本研究中用作阳性对照的细菌DNA。

We thank to M. W. Hastriter for correcting the English language of the manuscript.FundingThe fieldwork and the laboratory tasks of this study were partially supported by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científca y Tecnológica, Argentina (ANPCyT, PICT 2020–3271), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Argentina (PIBAA No.

我们感谢M.W.Hastriter纠正了手册的英语。这项研究的资金和实验室任务部分得到了阿根廷国家科学技术促进局（ANPCYT，PICT 2020-3271）、阿根廷国家科学技术研究委员会（PIBAA NO）的支持。

0111) and Comisión Nacional Salud Investiga (Ministerio de Salud-Argentina).Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsInstituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (PIDBA) and Programa de Conservación de los Murciélagos de Argentina (PCMA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, UNT, Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de Tucumán, CP 4000, ArgentinaM.

0111）和国家卫生研究委员会（阿根廷卫生部）。阿根廷生物多样性研究所（PIDBA）和阿根廷蝙蝠保护计划（PCMA），自然科学学院和米格尔·利洛研究所，UNT，米格尔·利洛205，圣米格尔·德·图库曼，CP 4000，阿根廷。

Fernanda López BerrizbeitiaFundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, ArgentinaM. Fernanda López BerrizbeitiaCCT NOA Sur, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, ArgentinaM. Fernanda López BerrizbeitiaCentro de Bioinvestigaciones (CeBio). Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del noroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDiana B.

Fernanda López BerrizbeitiaFoundation Miguel Lillo、San Miguel de Tucuman、Tucuman、Argentinam。Fernanda López Berrizbeitiact Noa Sur、Conicet、San Miguel de Tucuman、Tucuman、Argentinam。Fernanda López Berrizbeitia生物研究中心。布宜诺斯艾利斯省西北部研究和转让中心（Citnoba-Conicet-Unnoba），羊皮纸，布宜诺斯艾利斯，阿根廷人戴安娜B。

Acosta & Juliana P. SanchezAuthorsM. Fernanda López BerrizbeitiaView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

Acosta和Juliana P.SanchezAuthorsM。FernandaLópez BerrizbeitiaView作者出版物您也可以在中搜索这位作者。

PubMed Google ScholarDiana B. AcostaView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google Scholardina B.AcostaView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarJuliana P. SanchezView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed谷歌学者Juliana P.SanchezView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsAll authors conceived and designed the study. M.F.L.B and J.P.S. prepared and identified the fleas. D.B.A. performed the experiments. The first draft of the manuscript was written by M.F.L.B and all authors reviewed, edited (equal) and finalized the manuscript.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献所有作者构思并设计了这项研究。M、 。D、 B.A.进行了实验。手稿的初稿由M.F.L.B撰写，所有作者都对手稿进行了审查，编辑（平等）并最终定稿。

The supervision was done by J.P.S.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to.

监督由J.P.S.通讯作者进行。

M. Fernanda López Berrizbeitia.Ethics declarations

M、 费尔南达·洛佩斯·贝里兹拜蒂亚。道德宣言

Competing interests

相互竞争的利益

The authors declare no competing interests.

作者声明没有利益冲突。

Ethics approval

道德认可

Sampling and procedures in the NWA were carried out under permits from the Secretaria de Biodiversidad de Jujuy (No. 025/2019-S.B), Secretaria de Ambiente y Desarrollo sustentable de Salta (No. 000163) and Direccion de Flora, Fauna Silvestre y Suelos de la Provincia Tucumán (No. 84–19). Rodents were euthanized by thoracic compression or via overdose with isoflurane.

NWA的取样和程序是在Jujuy生物多样性部长（第025/2019-S.B号）、Salta环境和可持续发展部长（第000163号）和Tucuman省动植物和土壤局（第84-19号）的许可下进行的。啮齿动物通过胸部压缩或过量使用异氟醚进行安乐死。

This was done in accordance with the animal care and use guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists77 and ARRIVE guidelines..

。。

Consent to participate

同意参加

Not applicable.

不适用。

Consent for publication

同意出版

Not applicable.

不适用。

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You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

根据本许可证，您无权共享源自本文或其部分的改编材料。本文中的图像或其他第三方材料包含在文章的知识共享许可证中，除非该材料的信用额度中另有说明。如果材料未包含在文章的知识共享许可中，并且您的预期用途不受法律法规的许可或超出许可用途，则您需要直接获得版权所有者的许可。

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/..

要查看此许可证的副本，请访问http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/..

Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleLópez Berrizbeitia, M.F., Acosta, D.B. & Sanchez, J.P. Wild rodent fleas carrying Bartonella and Rickettsia in an area endemic for vector-borne diseases from Argentina.

转载和许可本文引用本文López Berrizbeitia，M.F.，Acosta，D.B。＆Sanchez，J.P。野生啮齿动物跳蚤携带巴尔通体和立克次体，该地区是阿根廷媒介传播疾病的流行地区。

Sci Rep 14, 23269 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74786-7Download citationReceived: 17 May 2024Accepted: 30 September 2024Published: 07 October 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74786-7Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

Sci Rep 1423269（2024）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74786-7Download引文接收日期：2024年5月17日接受日期：2024年9月30日发布日期：2024年10月7日OI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74786-7Share。复制到剪贴板。

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Keywords

关键词

Bartonella quintana

五日热巴尔通体

Rickettsia felis

猫立克次体

RodentsFlea-borne diseasesVector

啮齿动物传染病传播者

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