The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.You have multiple emails registered with Frontiers:Please enter your email address:

这篇文章的最终格式化版本将很快发布。您在Frontiers注册了多封电子邮件：请输入您的电子邮件地址：

If you already have an account, please

如果您已经有账户，请

login

登录名

You don't have a Frontiers account ? You can

你没有Frontiers帐户？你可以

register herePediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) and Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) are broad diagnoses that encompass a range of sudden-onset neuropsychiatric symptoms in children, which can include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), tics, anxiety, emotional instability, and cognitive difficulties.Unlike PANDAS, PANS is not strictly linked to group A streptococcal infections but can be triggered by various infectious or environmental factors.

与链球菌感染（PANDAS）和小儿急性发作性神经精神综合征（PANS）相关的小儿自身免疫性神经精神疾病是广泛的诊断，包括儿童的一系列突然发作的神经精神症状，其中可能包括强迫症（OCD），抽搐，焦虑，情绪不稳定和认知困难。与熊猫不同，PANS与A组链球菌感染没有严格联系，但可能由各种感染或环境因素引发。

Lights and shadows remain upon the management of children with PANS and PANDAS and there is no clear consensus regarding definition, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and follow-up. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of agreement on PANS and PANDAS definition, diagnostic criteria, treatment and follow-up and to assess on the basis of recent studies whether there is a need to modify the current recommendations used by primary care pediatricians and hospital pediatricians in clinical practice in order to improve outcomes.

PANS和熊猫儿童的管理仍存在光明和阴影，关于定义，诊断标准，治疗和随访尚无明确共识。本研究的目的是评估PANS和PANDAS定义，诊断标准，治疗和随访的一致程度，并根据最近的研究评估是否有必要修改初级保健儿科医生和医院儿科医生在临床实践中使用的当前建议，以改善结果。

Using the Delphi method, this consensus provides shared indications on PANS and PANDAS management in pediatric age, based on the most updated literature. This work represents, in our opinion, the most complete and up-to-date information on the diagnosis of PANS and PANDAS, as well as consensus statements about several aspects of clinical care.

根据最新文献，使用德尔菲法，这一共识为PANS和PANDAS在儿科年龄的管理提供了共同的适应症。我们认为，这项工作代表了关于PANS和PANDAS诊断的最完整和最新信息，以及关于临床护理几个方面的共识声明。

Undoubtedly, more randomized and controlled trials are needed in the pediatric population to better define the best management, also in terms of adequate follow-up examinations and period of observation..

毫无疑问，儿科人群还需要更多的随机对照试验，以更好地确定最佳管理方法，以及充分的随访检查和观察期。。