AbstractPediatric obesity rates have quadrupled in the United States, and deficits in higher-order cognition have been linked to obesity, though it remains poorly understood how deviations from normal body mass are related to the neural dynamics serving cognition in youth. Herein, we determine how age- and sex-adjusted measures of body mass index (zBMI) scale with neural activity in brain regions underlying fluid intelligence.

摘要美国儿童肥胖率翻了两番，高阶认知缺陷与肥胖有关，尽管人们对偏离正常体重与青少年认知神经动力学的关系知之甚少。在此，我们确定了年龄和性别调整后的体重指数（zBMI）测量值如何与流体智力下大脑区域的神经活动相关联。

Seventy-two youth aged 9–16 years underwent high-density magnetoencephalography while performing an abstract reasoning task. The resulting data were transformed into the time-frequency domain and significant oscillatory responses were imaged using a beamformer. Whole-brain correlations with zBMI were subsequently conducted to quantify relationships between zBMI and neural activity serving abstract reasoning.

72名9-16岁的年轻人在执行抽象推理任务时接受了高密度脑磁图检查。将得到的数据转换到时频域，并使用波束形成器对显着的振荡响应进行成像。随后进行了与zBMI的全脑相关性，以量化zBMI与服务于抽象推理的神经活动之间的关系。

Our results reveal that participants with higher zBMI exhibit attenuated theta (4–8 Hz) responses in both the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left temporoparietal junction, and that weaker temporoparietal responses scale with slower reaction times. These findings suggest that higher zBMI values are associated with weaker theta oscillations in key brain regions and altered performance during an abstract reasoning task.

我们的研究结果表明，zBMI较高的参与者在左背外侧前额叶皮层和左颞顶交界处均表现出减弱的θ（4-8Hz）反应，并且较弱的颞顶反应随着反应时间的减慢而增加。这些发现表明，较高的zBMI值与关键大脑区域的θ振荡较弱以及抽象推理任务期间的表现改变有关。

Thus, future investigations should evaluate neurobehavioral function during abstract reasoning in youth with more severe obesity to identify the potential impact..

因此，未来的研究应该评估肥胖更严重的青少年在抽象推理过程中的神经行为功能，以确定潜在的影响。。

IntroductionPediatric obesity has become so widespread that the World Health Organization has deemed it one of this century’s most momentous public health obstacles1. In the United States, the prevalence of pediatric obesity has nearly quadrupled since the early 1970s2,3. Obesity is not only a chronic disease but is also a risk factor for the development of multiple metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, liver disease, kidney disease, and some cancers4,5.

引言小儿肥胖已变得如此普遍，世界卫生组织将其视为本世纪最重要的公共卫生障碍之一1。在美国，自1970年代初以来，儿童肥胖的患病率几乎翻了两番2,3。肥胖不仅是一种慢性疾病，也是多种代谢和心血管疾病发展的危险因素，包括糖尿病，高血压，肝病，肾病和一些癌症4,5。

Further, obesity early in life has been associated with an increased risk for premature death6,7,8,9,10 and has been linked to alterations in structural and functional brain development. In terms of brain structure, reductions in microstructural integrity are commonly identified in youth with overweight and obesity, though some studies report conflicting results11,12,13,14,15,16.

此外，早期肥胖与过早死亡的风险增加有关[6,7,8,9,10]，并与大脑结构和功能发育的改变有关。就大脑结构而言，超重和肥胖的年轻人通常会发现微结构完整性的降低，尽管一些研究报告了相互矛盾的结果11,12,13,14,15,16。

Further, obesity has been associated with cortical thinning in prefrontal regions that are crucial for executive functions and higher-order cognitive abilities, which develop across childhood and into early adulthood17,18,19. Executive function, which is comprised of the integration, manipulation, and inhibition of multiple cognitive processes in the pursuit of goal-directed behavior20,21, emerges in early infancy, and is refined across a protracted developmental course continuing into early adulthood22,23,24.

此外，肥胖与前额叶区域的皮质变薄有关，前额叶区域对执行功能和高阶认知能力至关重要，这些能力在儿童期和成年早期发展17,18,19。执行功能包括在追求目标导向行为的过程中整合，操纵和抑制多种认知过程20,21，在婴儿早期出现，并在持续到成年早期的漫长发展过程中得到完善22,23,24。

Deficits in executive function have been implicated in both adult25,26,27,28 and pediatric11,12,15,29,30 participants with obesity and overweight. Recent reviews summarizing the pediatric obesity literature report that inhibitory control has been the most commonly studied constituent of executive function31,32,33, though several studies have investigated working memory, cognitive flexibility, and attenti.

执行功能缺陷与肥胖和超重的成年人25,26,27,28和儿科11,12,15,29,30有关。最近的综述总结了儿科肥胖文献报道，抑制性控制是执行功能中最常研究的组成部分31,32,33，尽管一些研究已经调查了工作记忆，认知灵活性和注意力。

Data availability

数据可用性

De-identified MEG and MRI data have been made available to the public through the Collaborative Informatics and Neuroimaging Suite (COINS; https://coins.trendscenter.org) database. The data pertaining to this study are under the Dev-CoG ID for the Omaha site (“DEVCOGB”). Demographic and other assessment data for this study is also available through COINS.

通过协作信息学和神经影像学套件（COINS）向公众提供了去识别的MEG和MRI数据；https://coins.trendscenter.org)数据库。与这项研究有关的数据位于奥马哈网站的Dev CoG ID（“DEVCOGB”）下。这项研究的人口统计学和其他评估数据也可以通过硬币获得。

Requests for additional data can be fulfilled via the corresponding author on reasonable request..

如果有合理的要求，可以通过通讯作者来满足对其他数据的要求。。

Code availability

代码可用性

The MEG and MRI analyses reported herein utilzied the Brain Electrical Source Analysis software (BESA Research: version 7.1; BESA MRI: version 3.0; BESA Statistics: version 2.1). We also used Matlab version R2018b and IBM SPSS version 29 for some statistical analyses. Any requests for code or batch functions used in these analyses can be fulfilled via the corresponding author upon reasonable request..

本文报道的MEG和MRI分析使用了脑电源分析软件（BESA研究：版本7.1；BESA MRI：版本3.0；BESA统计：版本2.1）。我们还使用Matlab版本R2018b和IBM SPSS版本29进行了一些统计分析。在这些分析中使用的任何代码或批处理函数的请求都可以通过相应的作者在合理的要求下完成。。

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis research was supported by grants F31-DA056296 (Schantell), R01-MH121101 (Wilson), P20-GM144641 (Wilson, Heinrichs-Graham, and Taylor), R01-MH116782 (Wilson), R21-DC020270 (Heinrichs-Graham), R21-ES035146 (Taylor), and R01-EB020407 (Calhoun) from the National Institutes of Health, and grant #1539067 (Wilson, Calhoun, Wang, and Stephen) and #2112455 (Calhoun) from the National Science Foundation.

下载参考文献致谢本研究得到了美国国立卫生研究院F31-DA056296（Schantell）、R01-MH121101（Wilson）、P20-GM144641（Wilson、Heinrichs-Graham和Taylor）、R01-MH116782（Wilson）、R21-DC020270（Heinrichs-Graham）、R21-ES035146（Taylor）和R01-EB020407（Calhoun）的资助，以及美国国家科学院的1539067（Wilson、Calhoun、Wang和Stephen）和2112455（Calhoun）的资助基金会。

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We want to thank the participants for volunteering to participate in the study and our staff and local collaborators for their contributions to the work.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Thomas W.

资助者在研究设计，数据收集和分析，决定发表或准备稿件方面没有任何作用。我们要感谢参与者自愿参与这项研究，感谢我们的工作人员和当地合作者对这项工作的贡献。作者信息作者注意到这些作者做出了同样的贡献：托马斯·W。

Ward, Mikki Schantell.Authors and AffiliationsInstitute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USAThomas W. Ward, Mikki Schantell, Sarah M. Dietz, Grace C. Ende, Danielle L. Rice, Anna T. Coutant, Yasra Arif, Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham, Brittany K. Taylor & Tony W.

沃德，米基·桑特尔。作者和附属机构人类神经科学研究所，Boys Town National Research Hospital，Boys Town，NE，USATOMAS W.Ward，Mikki Schantell，Sarah M.Dietz，Grace C.Ende，Danielle L.Rice，Anna T.Coutant，Yasra Arif，Elizabeth Heinrichs Graham，Brittany K.Taylor＆Tony W。

WilsonCenter for Pediatric Brain Health, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USAThomas W. Ward, Mikki Schantell, Sarah M. Dietz, Grace C. Ende, Danielle L. Rice, Anna T. Coutant, Yasra Arif, Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham, Brittany K. Taylor & Tony W. WilsonDepartment of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USAThomas W.

威尔森儿童大脑健康中心，男孩镇国家研究医院，男孩镇，NE，USATOMAS W.Ward，Mikki Schantell，Sarah M.Dietz，Grace C.Ende，Danielle L.Rice，Anna T.Coutant，Yasra Arif，Elizabeth Heinrichs Graham，Brittany K.Taylor＆Tony W.WilsonCreighton大学药理学与神经科学系，奥马哈，NE，USATOMAS W。

Ward, Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham, Brittany K. Taylor & Tony W. WilsonCollege of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USAMikki Schantell & Tony W. WilsonDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USAYu-Ping WangTri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimag.

Ward，Elizabeth Heinrichs Graham，Brittany K.Taylor＆Tony W.WilsonCollege of Medicine，内布拉斯加州大学医学中心，奥马哈，NE，USAMikki Schantell＆Tony W.WilsonDepartment of Biomedical Engineering，Tulane University，New Orleans，LA，USAYu Ping WangTri institutional Center for Translation Research in Neuroimag。

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsT.W. Ward, M.S., and T.W. Wilson conceived the hypotheses. T.W. Wilson, E.H.G., B.K.T., M.S., V.D.C., Y.P.W., and J.M.S. obtained funding. G.C.E., D.L.R., A.T.C., and T.W. Wilson collected the data. M.S. and S.M.D. preprocessed the data. T.W. Ward and M.S.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献者。W、 Ward，M.S。和T.W.Wilson构思了这些假设。T、 W.Wilson，E.H.G.，B.K.T.，M.S.，V.D.C.，Y.P.W。和J.M.S.获得了资金。G、 。M、 S.和S.M.D.对数据进行了预处理。T、 W.Ward和M.S。

performed statistical analyses, wrote the manuscript, and prepared figures. T.W. Wilson, E.H.G., B.K.T, and Y.A. aided in interpretation of the results. All authors reviewed, provided feedback on, and approved the manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to.

进行统计分析，撰写手稿并准备数字。T、 W.Wilson，E.H.G.，B.K.T和Y.A.协助解释结果。所有作者都对稿件进行了审查，提供了反馈并批准了稿件。对应作者对应。

Tony W. Wilson.Ethics declarations

。道德宣言

Competing interests

相互竞争的利益

The authors declare no competing interests.

作者声明没有利益冲突。

Ethical approval

道德认可

All collaborators who have fulfilled the criteria for authorship required by Nature Portfolio journals have been included as authors for their essential contributions in designing and implementing the study. Roles and responsibilities were agreed upon among collaborators prior to the commencement of the research.

所有符合Nature Portfolio期刊要求的作者身份标准的合作者都被列为作者，因为他们在设计和实施研究中做出了重要贡献。在研究开始之前，合作者之间就角色和责任达成了一致。

This work includes findings that are locally relevant, which have been determined in collaboration with local partners. This research was not severely restricted or prohibited in the setting of the researchers, nor did our study procedures result in stigmatization, incrimination, discrimination, or personal risk to participants.

这项工作包括与当地合作伙伴合作确定的与当地相关的调查结果。。

Local and regional research relevant to our study was considered in the works cited..

引用的作品中考虑了与我们的研究相关的地方和地区研究。。

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Peer review information

同行评审信息

Communications Biology thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: Benjamin Bessieres. A peer review file is available.

通信生物学感谢匿名审稿人对这项工作的同行评议做出的贡献。主要处理编辑：Benjamin Bessieres。同行评审文件可用。

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleWard, T.W., Schantell, M., Dietz, S.M. et al. Interplay between preclinical indices of obesity and neural signatures of fluid intelligence in youth.

转载和许可本文引用本文Ward，T.W.，Schantell，M.，Dietz，S.M.等人。肥胖的临床前指数与青少年流体智力的神经特征之间的相互作用。

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