AbstractPlant mitochondria are essential for energy production and male sterility. The genetic transformation of plant mitochondria has attracted attention due to its potential to improve the mitochondrial function and agricultural productivity of energy crops. However, mitochondrial genome editing has been challenging because the delivery of the macromolecules needed for genome engineering to mitochondria has not been established until now.

摘要植物线粒体对于能量产生和雄性不育至关重要。植物线粒体的遗传转化因其改善线粒体功能和能源作物农业生产力的潜力而备受关注。然而，线粒体基因组编辑一直具有挑战性，因为迄今为止尚未建立将基因组工程所需的大分子递送至线粒体的方法。

In addition, the genome editing efficiency in mitochondria needs to be improved as much as possible due to the lack of a selection marker for mitochondria. To achieve mitochondrial modification, the proteins and/or DNA/RNA needed for genome editing should be delivered to mitochondria precisely and efficiently.

此外，由于缺乏线粒体的选择标记，线粒体的基因组编辑效率需要尽可能提高。为了实现线粒体修饰，基因组编辑所需的蛋白质和/或DNA/RNA应该精确有效地传递到线粒体。

Peptides have been utilized to improve delivery efficiency to plant mitochondria. Thus, we herein review advances in delivery technologies related to plant mitochondrial genome engineering using various functional peptides..

肽已被用于提高植物线粒体的传递效率。因此，本文综述了利用各种功能肽进行植物线粒体基因组工程相关传递技术的进展。。

IntroductionMitochondria play many significant roles in organisms. Among them, cellular metabolism is particularly related to mitochondria [1]. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy source for living organisms, is produced in mitochondria by aerobic respiration. In addition, the genomic DNA of mitochondria is different from that of the nucleus and is referred to as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

引言线粒体在生物体中起着许多重要作用。。三磷酸腺苷（ATP）是生物体的能量来源，通过有氧呼吸在线粒体中产生。此外，线粒体的基因组DNA与细胞核的基因组DNA不同，被称为线粒体DNA（mtDNA）。

In plants, mtDNA includes a cytoplasmic male sterility-causing gene [2, 3]. Controlling male sterility is useful in the production of a hybrid variety [4]. However, it is not easy to modify mtDNA by existing genome modification methods, such as particle bombardment [5,6,7,8] and polyethylene glycol-mediated protoplast transformation [9], because mitochondria are small and highly dynamic.

在植物中，mtDNA包括一个细胞质雄性不育基因[2，3]。控制雄性不育在杂交品种的生产中是有用的。然而，通过现有的基因组修饰方法（如粒子轰击（5、6、7、8）和聚乙二醇介导的原生质体转化（9））修饰mtDNA并不容易，因为线粒体很小且高度动态。

Furthermore, genetic modification efficiency should be improved as much as possible due to the lack of selection markers for mitochondria. Efficient delivery of cargo for genome editing to mitochondria has been challenging for mitochondrial genome editing.Many materials have been studied for the delivery of genes and proteins for genome modification.

此外，由于缺乏线粒体的选择标记，应尽可能提高遗传修饰效率。将用于基因组编辑的货物有效递送至线粒体一直是线粒体基因组编辑的挑战。已经研究了许多材料用于递送用于基因组修饰的基因和蛋白质。

Synthesized polymers and peptides are commonly used materials for macromolecule delivery into cells [10, 11]. Precise polymerization technology has made accurate gene delivery possible [12]. An accurate delivery system is critical to prevent side effects and improve delivery efficiency. Additionally, many barriers against exogenous substances, such as cell membranes and endosomes, need to be overcome to increase transfection efficiency.

合成的聚合物和肽是将大分子递送到细胞中的常用材料[10，11]。精确聚合技术使精确的基因传递成为可能。准确的输送系统对于防止副作用和提高输送效率至关重要。此外，需要克服许多针对外源物质（例如细胞膜和内体）的障碍，以提高转染效率。

Furthermore, plant cells have cell walls around their cell membranes, unlike mammalian cells. Cell walls physically protect cells from exogenous substances. In addition to the general barriers of mammalian ce.

此外，与哺乳动物细胞不同，植物细胞的细胞膜周围有细胞壁。细胞壁在物理上保护细胞免受外源物质的侵害。除了哺乳动物ce的一般障碍之外。

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis work was supported by JST-COI-NEXT (Grant Number JPMJPF2114), MEXT Data Creation and Utilization-type MaTerial R&D project, Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) (Grant Number 24H02272), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) (22H04975), and JST the establishment of university fellowships toward the creation of science technology innovation (Grant Number JPMJFS2123).Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, JapanNaoya Abe & Keiji NumataBiomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, JapanKeiji NumataAuthorsNaoya AbeView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

下载参考文献致谢这项工作得到了JST-COI-NEXT（资助号JPMJPF2114），MEXT数据创建和利用型材料研发项目，转化研究领域资助（A）（资助号24H02272），科学研究资助（S）（22H04975）和JST设立大学研究金以创造科学技术创新（资助号JPMJPS2123）。作者信息作者和附属机构京都大学工程研究生院材料化学系，京都西京区Katsura，615-8510，JapanNaoya Abe＆Keiji NumataBiomacromolecules研究团队，理研可持续资源科学中心，2-1 Hirosawa，Wako，Saitama，351-0198，JapanKeiji NumataAuthorsNaoya AbeView作者出版物您也可以在中搜索这位作者。

PubMed Google ScholarKeiji NumataView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleAbe, N., Numata, K. Peptide-mediated gene and protein delivery systems to plant mitochondria for modifying mitochondrial functions.

转载和许可本文引用本文Abe，N.，Numata，K。肽介导的基因和蛋白质递送系统来植物线粒体以修饰线粒体功能。

Polym J (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-024-00973-yDownload citationReceived: 16 August 2024Revised: 11 September 2024Accepted: 12 September 2024Published: 10 October 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-024-00973-yShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

Polym J（2024）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-024-00973-yDownload引文收到日期：2024年8月16日修订日期：2024年9月11日接受日期：2024年9月12日发布日期：2024年10月10日OI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-024-00973-yShare本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容：获取可共享链接对不起，本文目前没有可共享的链接。复制到剪贴板。

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