AbstractDuckweeds (Spirodela polyrrhiza) are free-floating macrophytes that grow profusely in nutrient-rich waters. Under ideal conditions, they exhibit a rapid growth rate and can absorb a substantial amount of nutrients, macromolecules, and pollutants from bodies of water. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized from plant extracts, particularly under stress conditions, have opened new research avenues in the field of nanotechnology.

摘要浮萍（Spirodela polyrrhiza）是一种自由漂浮的大型植物，在营养丰富的水中大量生长。在理想条件下，它们表现出快速的生长速度，可以从水体中吸收大量的营养物质，大分子和污染物。由植物提取物合成的氧化锌纳米颗粒（ZnO NPs），特别是在胁迫条件下，为纳米技术领域开辟了新的研究途径。

Under salinity stress, the accumulation of flavonoids in duckweeds can affect the structure of ZnO NPs, helping researchers ascertain their antimicrobial role. In our study, we exposed mid-log phase duckweed monocultures to 75 mM NaCl in a full-strength Murashige and Skoog medium for 7 days, followed by a 15-day recovery period.

在盐度胁迫下，浮萍中黄酮类化合物的积累会影响ZnO NPs的结构，有助于研究人员确定其抗菌作用。。

We observed significant overexpression of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as reactive oxygen species. As a result, chlorophyll and certain metabolites were produced in lesser amounts, while flavonoid and phenol content increased by 12% and 8%, respectively. This overproduction persisted up to 10 days into the recovery treatment period but dropped by 8% and 5%, respectively, by the 15th day.

我们观察到超氧化物和过氧化氢作为活性氧的显着过表达。结果，叶绿素和某些代谢物的产生量较少，而类黄酮和苯酚含量分别增加了12%和8%。这种过量生产持续到恢复治疗期长达10天，但到第15天分别下降了8%和5%。

The flavonoid coating transformed the NPs into rosette clusters, which exhibited reduced antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gram-negative, fish-pathogenic bacterium. Herein, we discuss potential mechanisms for the conformational transformation of ZnO NPs into finer dimensions in response to NaCl-induced oxidative stress in duckweed.

类黄酮涂层将NPs转化为玫瑰花结簇，其对革兰氏阴性鱼病原菌嗜水气单胞菌的抗菌活性降低。在此，我们讨论了响应NaCl诱导的浮萍氧化应激，ZnO NPs构象转变为更精细尺寸的潜在机制。

In this study, the azo dye degradation capacity of salinity-treated plants increased as the flavonoid profile became enriched. Zinc oxide nanoparticles, both prior to and after salinity treatment, were found to be efficient in scavenging azo dye and mitigating its toxicit.

在这项研究中，随着类黄酮谱的富集，盐度处理植物的偶氮染料降解能力增加。在盐度处理之前和之后，发现氧化锌纳米颗粒在清除偶氮染料和减轻其毒性方面是有效的。

BackgroundDuckweed, a free-floating macrophyte of the Lemnaceae family, grows profusely in waters rich in nutrient content. The plant is represented by several species, including Lemna, Wolffia, Spirodela, Wolfiella, and Landoltia1. Under ideal conditions, duckweed exhibits rapid growth and can absorb a substantial amount of nutrients, macromolecules, and pollutants from bodies of water.

背景浮萍是柠檬科的一种自由漂浮的大型植物，在营养丰富的水中大量生长。该植物由几种物种代表，包括Lemna，Wolffia，Spirodela，Wolfiella和Landoltia1。在理想条件下，浮萍生长迅速，可以从水体中吸收大量营养物质、大分子和污染物。

Its resilience to extreme conditions, such as metal toxicity, means it can significantly contribute to the decontamination of polluted bodies of water or wastewater-containing micropollutants2. Duckweed generally prefers stagnant bodies of fresh water, such as ponds, ditches, and lakes, for their luxuriant growth, as these environments favor better solvation of inorganic pollutants.

。浮萍通常喜欢池塘、沟渠和湖泊等停滞的淡水，因为它们生长旺盛，因为这些环境有利于更好地溶解无机污染物。

The growth of duckweed can be notably accelerated by the accumulation of phosphorus and nitrogen within their vacuolar sap in the form of oligocyclic and high-molecular phosphate residues2,3.Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid, commonly known as greater duckweed or giant duckweed, is cosmopolitan in its occurrence in eutrophic bodies of water in tropical countries.

浮萍的生长可以通过在其液泡汁液中以寡环和高分子磷酸盐残留物的形式积累磷和氮来显着加速2,3。Spirodela polyrrhiza（L.）Schleid，通常被称为大浮萍或巨型浮萍，在热带国家富营养化水体中广泛存在。

The fronds of S. polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid are characterized by the highest degree of structural reduction, particularly when exposed to diverse environmental pollutants4. Similarly, salt stress impacts plants through osmotic and ionic stress, as high salt concentrations diminish soil’s water-holding potential, leading to reduced water uptake by plant roots5,6.

S.polyrrhiza（L.）Schleid的叶片具有最高程度的结构还原，特别是当暴露于多种环境污染物时4。同样，盐胁迫通过渗透和离子胁迫影响植物，因为高盐浓度会降低土壤的持水潜力，导致植物根系吸水减少5,6。

Conversely, an excessive accumulation of ions such as Na+ and Cl− in plant cells results in toxicity or nutritional disorders7. Salinity tolerance in plants can activate and alter the expression of numerous genes of various functional groups that are responsible for minimizing the effects of ex.

相反，植物细胞中Na+和Cl-等离子的过度积累会导致毒性或营养紊乱7。植物的耐盐性可以激活和改变各种官能团的许多基因的表达，这些基因负责最小化ex的影响。

Data availability

数据可用性

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.

本文包含了本研究期间生成或分析的所有数据。

AbbreviationsZnO NPs:

缩写ZnO NP：

Zinc oxide nanoparticles

氧化锌纳米颗粒

ROS:

活性氧：

Reactive oxygen species

活性氧类

NPs:

核动力源：

Nanoparticles

纳米颗粒

SEM:

扫描电镜：

Scanning electron microscopy

扫描电子显微镜

TEM:

专业术语：

Transmission electron microscopy

透射电子显微镜

DPPH:

DPPH：

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼

EDX:

EDX公司：

Dispersive X-ray

色散X射线

LC-MS:

液相色谱-质谱联用：

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry

液相色谱-质谱/质谱

DLS:

数据链接：

Dynamic light scattering

动态光散射

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PubMed Google ScholarMalay Kumar AdakView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarMalay Kumar AdakView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarMirza HasanuzzamanView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsS.G: Investigation. A.D: Investigation. K.G: Investigation. N.C: Investigation. S.K.S: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition. M.K.A: Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献。G： 调查。A、 D：调查。K、 G：调查。N、 C：调查。S、 K.S：概念化，方法论，写作-原稿，监督，项目管理，资金获取。M、 K.A：数据管理，正式分析，验证。

M.R.F and M.H: Writing – review & editing, Software, Formal analysis, Visualization.Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to.

M、 R.F和M.H：写作-评论和编辑，软件，形式分析，可视化。通讯作者通讯。

Mohammad Reza Fayezizadeh, Sudipta Kumar Sil or Mirza Hasanuzzaman.Ethics declarations

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleGupta, S., Das, A., Ganguli, K. et al. Salinity-responsive hyperaccumulation of flavonoids in Spirodela polyrrhiza, resultant maneuvering in the structure and antimicrobial as well as azo dye decontamination profile of biofabricated zinc oxide nanoentities..

转载和许可本文引用本文Gupta，S.，Das，A.，Ganguli，K。等人。多根螺旋藻中类黄酮的盐响应性超积累，由此产生的结构操纵和抗菌以及生物制造的氧化锌纳米实体的偶氮染料去污概况。。

Sci Rep 14, 24554 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75232-4Download citationReceived: 05 July 2024Accepted: 03 October 2024Published: 19 October 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75232-4Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

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KeywordsAquatic weedsPhytoremediationNanotechnologySecondary metabolismPlant metabolomics, xenobiotics

关键词水生杂草植物修复纳米技术次生代谢植物代谢组学，异生素