AbstractIn the canonical genetic code, the 61 sense codons are assigned to the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Advancements in genetic code manipulation techniques have enabled the ribosomal incorporation of nonproteinogenic amino acids (npAAs). The critical molecule for translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into peptide sequences is aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA), which recognizes the mRNA codon through its anticodon.

摘要在经典遗传密码中，61个有义密码子被分配给20个蛋白质氨基酸。遗传密码操作技术的进步使得非蛋白原氨基酸（npAAs）的核糖体掺入成为可能。将信使RNA（mRNA）翻译成肽序列的关键分子是氨酰基转移RNA（tRNA），它通过其反密码子识别mRNA密码子。

Because aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are highly specific for their respective amino acid–tRNA pairs, it is not feasible to use natural ARSs to prepare npAA-tRNAs. However, flexizymes are adaptable aminoacylation ribozymes that can be used to prepare diverse aminoacyl-tRNAs at will using amino acids activated with suitable leaving groups.

由于氨酰基-tRNA合成酶（ARS）对其各自的氨基酸-tRNA对具有高度特异性，因此使用天然ARS制备npAA-tRNA是不可行的。然而，flexizymes是适应性氨基酰化核酶，可用于使用用合适的离去基团激活的氨基酸随意制备多种氨酰基tRNA。

Regarding recognition elements, flexizymes require only an aromatic ring in either the leaving group or side chain of the activated amino acid, and the conserved 3′-end CCA of the tRNA. Therefore, flexizymes allow virtually any amino acid to be charged onto any tRNA. The flexizyme system can handle not only l-α-amino acids with side chain modifications but also various backbone-modified npAAs.

关于识别元件，flexizymes只需要在活化氨基酸的离去基团或侧链上有一个芳香环，以及tRNA的保守3'端CCA。因此，flexizymes几乎可以将任何氨基酸带到任何tRNA上。flexizyme系统不仅可以处理具有侧链修饰的l-α氨基酸，还可以处理各种骨架修饰的npAAs。

This Review describes the development of flexizyme variants and discusses their structure and mechanism and their applications in genetic code reprogramming for the synthesis of unique peptides and proteins..

这篇综述描述了flexizyme变体的发展，并讨论了它们的结构和机制及其在遗传密码重编程中的应用，以合成独特的肽和蛋白质。。

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Fig. 1: Methodologies for introducing nonproteinogenic amino acids (npAAs) and substrates of flexizymes.Fig. 2: Development of aminoacylation ribozymes.Fig. 3: X-ray crystal structure of a flexizyme–tRNA minihelix fusion.Fig. 4: Engineered tRNAs for nonproteinogenic amino acid incorporation and their secondary structures.Fig.

图1：引入非蛋白原氨基酸（npAAs）和flexizymes底物的方法。图2：氨酰化核酶的发展。图3:flexizyme-tRNA微螺旋融合体的X射线晶体结构。图4：用于非蛋白原氨基酸掺入的工程化tRNA及其二级结构。图。

5: Mutant flexizyme and the development of orthogonal ribosome–tRNA pairs.Fig. 6: Depiction of a single round of Random Nonstandard Peptides Integrated Discovery (RaPID) display.Fig. 7: Examples of bioactive macrocyclic peptides developed using the Random Nonstandard Peptides Integrated Discovery (RaPID) system..

5： 突变的flexizyme和正交核糖体-tRNA对的发展。图6：单轮随机非标准肽集成发现（RaPID）显示的描述。图7：使用随机非标准肽集成发现（RaPID）系统开发的生物活性大环肽的实例。。

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (22H00439) and Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Pioneering) (21K18233) to T.K. and Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research (20H05618) to H.S.

下载参考文献致谢这项工作得到了日本科学促进会（JSPS）科学研究资助（A）（22H00439）和T.K.挑战性研究资助（开拓）（21K18233）以及H.S.特别促进研究资助（20H05618）的支持。

The authors thank A. Beattie for proofreading the manuscript.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanTakayuki Katoh & Hiroaki SugaAuthorsTakayuki KatohView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

作者感谢A.Beattie校对手稿。作者信息作者和附属机构东京大学科学研究生院化学系，日本东京，日本东京，日本东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京，东京。

PubMed Google ScholarHiroaki SugaView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google Scholarahiroaki SugaView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsT.K. wrote the original draft and reviewed and edited the manuscript. H.S. also reviewed and edited the manuscript.Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to

PubMed谷歌学术贡献者。K、 撰写了原稿，并审阅和编辑了手稿。H、 美国也审查和编辑了手稿。通讯作者通讯

Takayuki Katoh or Hiroaki Suga.Ethics declarations

Katoh Takayuki或Suga Hiroaki。道德宣言

Competing interests

相互竞争的利益

The authors declare no competing interests.

作者声明没有利益冲突。

Peer review

同行评审

Peer review information

同行评审信息

Nature Reviews Chemistry thanks Jiantao Guo and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

《自然评论》化学感谢郭建涛和另一位匿名审稿人为这项工作的同行评审做出的贡献。

Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Rights and permissionsSpringer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleKatoh, T., Suga, H.

。权利和许可Pringer Nature或其许可人（例如协会或其他合作伙伴）根据与作者或其他权利持有人的出版协议对本文拥有专有权；本文接受稿件版本的作者自行存档仅受此类出版协议和适用法律的条款管辖。转载和许可本文引用本文Katoh，T.，Suga，H。

Reprogramming the genetic code with flexizymes..

用flexizymes重新编程遗传密码。。

Nat Rev Chem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-024-00656-5Download citationAccepted: 11 September 2024Published: 21 October 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-024-00656-5Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

Nat Rev Chem（2024年）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-024-00656-5Download引文接受日期：2024年9月11日发布日期：2024年10月21日OI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-024-00656-5Share本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容：获取可共享链接对不起，本文目前没有可共享的链接。复制到剪贴板。

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