商务合作
动脉网APP
可切换为仅中文
SAN JOSE, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Allay Therapeutics, a clinical-stage biotechnology company pioneering ultra-sustained analgesic products to transform post-surgical pain management and recuperation, today announced the expansion of its Clinical and Scientific Advisory Boards to support the company as it advances its clinical candidate ATX101 and develops its pipeline to support patients, physicians and payors with novel, extended-duration post-surgical pain management solutions..
加利福尼亚州圣何塞(商业新闻短讯)--Allay Therapeutics是一家临床阶段生物技术公司,开创了超持续镇痛产品,以改变手术后疼痛管理和康复,今天宣布扩大其临床和科学咨询委员会,以支持该公司推进其临床候选人ATX101,并开发其管道,以支持患者,医生和付款人提供新颖的,延长持续时间的手术后疼痛管理解决方案。。
With the expansion of these advisory boards, Allay has appointed nine preeminent, internationally recognized subject matter experts across pain management, orthopedics, clinical research, drug delivery, pharmacology and anesthesiology to provide strategic guidance around major company initiatives, including the Phase 2B registration trial of Allay’s lead investigational product, ATX101..
随着这些咨询委员会的扩大,Allay已经任命了9名国际公认的疼痛管理、骨科、临床研究、药物输送、药理学和麻醉学领域的杰出主题专家,为主要公司举措提供战略指导,包括Allay领先研究产品ATX101的2B期注册试验。。
Allay’s expanded Clinical Advisory Board (CAB) now includes the following members:
Allay的扩大临床咨询委员会(CAB)现在包括以下成员:
Sabry Ayad, M.D., M.B.A.
Sabry Ayad,医学博士,工商管理硕士。
Ron Burch, M.D., Ph.D.
Ron Burch,医学博士,博士。
David Dalury, M.D.
David Dalury,医学博士。
Hemant Pandit, FRCS, D.Phil
赫曼特·潘迪特,FRCS,D.菲尔
Christine Sang, M.D., M.P.H.
Christine Sang,医学博士,MPH。
Allay’s expanded Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) now includes the following members:
Allay的扩大科学咨询委员会(SAB)现在包括以下成员:
Christine Allen, Ph.D.
克里斯汀·艾伦博士。
Ron Burch, M.D., Ph.D.
Ron Burch,医学博士,博士。
Joachim Kohn, Ph.D.
Joachim Kohn博士。
Louis L. Radulovic, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Louis L.Radulovic,博士,MPH。
Arthur Tipton, Ph.D.
亚瑟·蒂普顿博士。
“As we advance further into our late-stage registration trials and progress our ultra-sustained pipeline, we are pleased to have attracted a talented team of distinguished physicians and scientists to our expanded Clinical and Scientific Advisory Boards. We look forward to the significant insights and expertise these thought leaders will bring to Allay based on their diverse experiences in drug delivery and elution, pharmacology, surgical specialties, pain management, and anesthesiology,” said Adam Gridley, Chief Executive Officer at Allay Therapeutics.
Allay Therapeutics首席执行官亚当·格里德利(Adam Gridley)表示:“随着我们进一步进入后期注册试验并推进超持续生产线,我们很高兴吸引了一支杰出的医生和科学家团队加入我们扩大的临床和科学咨询委员会。我们期待着这些思想领袖将基于他们在药物输送和洗脱、药理学、外科专业、疼痛管理和麻醉学方面的丰富经验,为Allay带来重要的见解和专业知识。”。
“The collective knowledge and insights of these appointees will provide welcome guidance as we navigate the complexities of the global clinical trial and regulatory landscapes, work to bring ATX101’s potential to patients in need, and build on our platform technology to develop novel extended-duration solutions to transform pain management for patients, physicians, payors and healthcare systems worldwide.”.
“这些被任命者的集体知识和见解将为我们应对全球临床试验和监管环境的复杂性提供可喜的指导,努力为有需要的患者带来ATX101的潜力,并利用我们的平台技术开发新颖的延长持续时间解决方案,以改变全球患者,医生,付款人和医疗保健系统的疼痛管理。”。
Clinical and Scientific Advisory Board Biographies:
临床和科学咨询委员会简介:
Sabry Ayad, M.D. – Clinical Advisory Board
Sabry Ayad,医学博士-临床咨询委员会
Sabry Ayad, M.D., is a Professor of Anesthesiology at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, a fellow of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, and the President of the Cleveland Society of Anesthesiologists. In addition, Dr. Ayad is also a senior member of multiple medical societies and committees, such as the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA), Society of Ambulatory Anesthesia (SAMBA), Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA), the Ohio Society of Anesthesiologists (OSA) and the International Anesthesia Research Society (IARS).
医学博士萨布里·阿亚德(SabryAyad)是凯斯西储大学克利夫兰诊所勒纳医学院的麻醉学教授,美国麻醉师协会会员,克利夫兰麻醉师协会主席。此外,Ayad博士还是多个医学会和委员会的高级成员,例如美国麻醉师学会(ASA),美国区域麻醉和疼痛医学学会(ASRA),非卧床麻醉学会(SAMBA),心血管麻醉师学会(SCA),俄亥俄州麻醉师学会(OSA)和国际麻醉研究学会(IARS)。
He has published multiple peer-reviewed manuscripts focused on enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS), AI and perioperative outcomes, and investigating topics related to postoperative nausea and vomiting, pain management, fluid and hemodynamic management, and anesthetic pharmacology. In 2016, Dr. Ayad was named Fairview Hospital Cleveland Clinic’s Physician of the Year and Safety Champion by the Cleveland Clinic Quality Institute.
他发表了多篇同行评审的手稿,重点关注手术后恢复(ERAS),AI和围手术期结局,并研究了与术后恶心呕吐,疼痛管理,液体和血流动力学管理以及麻醉药理学相关的主题。2016年,Ayad博士被克利夫兰诊所质量研究所评为美景镇医院克利夫兰诊所年度最佳医师和安全冠军。
He earned his M.D. from Alexandria University, M.B.A. from Cleveland State University..
他在亚历山大大学获得了医学博士学位,在克利夫兰州立大学获得了工商管理硕士学位。。
Ron Burch, M.D., Ph.D. – Clinical Advisory Board + Scientific Advisory Board
Ron Burch,医学博士,博士-临床咨询委员会+科学咨询委员会
Ron Burch, M.D., Ph.D., currently serves as Chief Medical Officer of Gate Neurosciences, a company developing products to treat psychiatric disorders. He previously served as Chief Medical Officer at Naurex, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing novel NMDA receptor modulators, and Pacira, an industry leader in non-opioid solutions for pain.
医学博士罗恩·伯奇(RonBurch)目前担任Gate Neurosciences的首席医疗官,Gate Neurosciences是一家开发治疗精神疾病产品的公司。他曾担任Naurex(一家开发新型NMDA受体调节剂的临床阶段生物制药公司)和Pacira(一家非阿片类止痛药行业领导者)的首席医疗官。
Dr. Burch has served as Chairman of Zeneca Pharmaceuticals’ Global CNS Therapeutics Area Team; co-founder and CEO of AlgoRx Pharmaceuticals, a company that successfully developed a number of therapeutic agents for pain management; CEO of Sanguistat, a medical device company that developed devices that inhibited hemorrhage following serious wounds, CEO and Chairman of Biowave Corporation, a medical device company that successfully launched three neurostimulation products to treat chronic, intractable pain and postoperative pain; and Scientific Advisor of Collegium Pharmaceuticals.
Burch博士曾担任Zeneca Pharmaceuticals全球中枢神经系统治疗领域团队的主席;AlgoRx Pharmaceuticals的联合创始人兼首席执行官,该公司成功开发了许多用于疼痛管理的治疗剂;;和Collegium Pharmaceuticals的科学顾问。
He also held various managerial positions with Purdue Pharma, including Vice President of Scientific Evaluations and Immunotherapeutics, Medical Director and Project Manager and Medical Safety Officer for several pain development programs. Dr. Burch was a researcher at the National Institutes of Health, performing research involving neuroreceptor regulation with Nobel Laureate Dr.
他还曾在普渡制药担任过各种管理职位,包括科学评估和免疫治疗副总裁、医疗总监和项目经理以及几项疼痛发展计划的医疗安全官员。伯奇博士是美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)的一名研究员,与诺贝尔奖获得者伯奇博士(Dr。
Julius Axelrod. Dr. Burch obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology and M.D. from the Medical University of South Carolina. He holds bachelor’s degrees in chemistry and marine biology from the College of Charleston..
朱利叶斯·阿克塞尔罗德。伯奇博士获得南卡罗来纳医科大学药理学博士和医学博士学位。他拥有查尔斯顿学院化学和海洋生物学学士学位。。
David Dalury, M.D. – Clinical Advisory Board
David Dalury,医学博士-临床咨询委员会
David Dalury, M.D., is an Orthopedic Surgeon specializing in total knee replacement, partial knee replacement and total hip replacement. He is a Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery (Emeritus) at the University of Maryland Medicine and has been Chief of Orthopedics at the University of Maryland St.
DavidDalury医学博士是一名整形外科医生,专门从事全膝关节置换术,部分膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术。他是马里兰医科大学骨科临床教授(荣誉退休),曾任马里兰大学圣路易斯分校骨科主任。
Joseph Medical Center. He is an active member of The Knee Society, the American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons and the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons, among other medical associations. His work has been published extensively in peer-reviewed publications. Dr. Dalury is a graduate of Dartmouth Medical School, and he completed his residency and Fellowship in Total Joint Replacement at the Harvard-affiliated hospitals..
约瑟夫医疗中心。。他的工作已在同行评审的出版物中广泛发表。Dalury博士毕业于达特茅斯医学院,他在哈佛附属医院完成了全关节置换术的住院医师和奖学金。。
Hemant Pandit, FRCS, D.Phil – Clinical Advisory Board
Hemant Pandit, FRCS (Orth), D.Phil (Oxon) is a Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at University of Leeds and at University of Oxford, UK, and currently practices at Chapel Allerton Hospital, C/O Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust in the UK. Hemant has a high-volume hip and knee arthroplasty practice and is also a clinical academic.
Hemant Pandit,FRCS(Orth),D.Phil(Oxon)是英国利兹大学和牛津大学的整形外科教授,目前在英国利兹教学医院NHS信托基金会的Chapel Allerton医院执业。Hemant拥有大量的髋关节和膝关节置换术实践,也是一名临床学者。
In addition, he holds the post of Deputy Dean in the Faculty of Medicine and Health C/O University of Leeds and is Head of School (Leeds Institute of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Medicine). Dr. Pandit has published 400+ peer-reviewed articles, written 50+ book chapters and leads a multi-disciplinary team of 20+ colleagues.
。潘伟迪博士发表了400多篇同行评议文章,撰写了50多本书的章节,并领导了一个由20多名同事组成的多学科团队。
His research interest is focused on translational research across the entire osteoarthritis spectrum aimed at improving patient outcomes and optimizing their management pathways. Hemant's work on pain relief post knee arthroplasty is well recognized. Hemant is a NIHR Senior Investigator, an elected member of the American Knee Society and European Knee Society and is an MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency) advisor..
他的研究兴趣集中在整个骨关节炎范围内的转化研究,旨在改善患者预后并优化其管理途径。赫曼特在膝关节置换术后缓解疼痛方面的工作得到了公认。Hemant是NIHR高级研究员,美国膝关节协会和欧洲膝关节协会的当选成员,也是MHRA(药品和保健品监管局)的顾问。。
Christine N. Sang, M.D., M.P.H. – Clinical Advisory Board
Christine N.Sang,医学博士,医学博士-临床咨询委员会
Christine Sang, MD, MPH, FASA is an Associate Professor of Anesthesia at Harvard Medical School, specializing in both pediatric and adult anesthesiology and acute and chronic pain management. She is the founding director of the Translational Pain Research program at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, which conducts Phases 1a (First-in-Human), 1b/2a (proof-of-concept) and 2b/3 analgesic clinical trials in a variety of pain states and in neurodegeneration.
Christine Sang,医学博士,公共卫生硕士,FASA是哈佛医学院麻醉学副教授,专攻儿科和成人麻醉学以及急性和慢性疼痛管理。她是Brigham and Women's Hospital转化疼痛研究项目的创始主任,该项目在各种疼痛状态和神经退行性疾病中进行1a期(首次人体),1b/2a期(概念验证)和2b/3期镇痛临床试验。
Dr. Sang continues to serve on numerous boards and committees for her institution, leading medical societies, government agencies, publications, nonprofit organizations, and patient advocacy. She is the founding chair of the Medical and Scientific Advisory Committee at United Spinal Association, and served on the board of Praxis Spinal Cord Institute where she was chair of the governance committee.
桑博士继续为她的机构、领先的医学会、政府机构、出版物、非营利组织和患者倡导机构的众多董事会和委员会服务。她是联合脊柱协会医学和科学咨询委员会的创始主席,曾任Praxis脊髓研究所董事会治理委员会主席。
She serves the Department of Health and Human Services as a scientific member of the Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee. Dr. Sang obtained her M.D. from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and her M.P.H. from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health..
她是卫生与公众服务部跨机构疼痛研究协调委员会的科学成员。桑博士获得了约翰·霍普金斯大学医学院的医学博士学位,以及哈佛大学陈T.H.公共卫生学院的医学博士学位。。
Christine Allen, Ph.D. – Scientific Advisory Board
Christine Allen博士-科学咨询委员会
Christine Allen, Ph.D., is a full professor at the University of Toronto and an internationally recognized leader with more than 170 publications in drug formulation and development. She is a member of the Scientific Leadership Team of the Acceleration Consortium, a strategic initiative at the University of Toronto awarded $200M in funding from the Canada First Research Excellence Fund.
克里斯汀·艾伦(ChristineAllen)博士是多伦多大学(University of Toronto)的全职教授,也是国际公认的领导者,在药物配方和开发方面发表了170多篇出版物。她是加拿大第一研究卓越基金(Canada First Research Excellence Fund)资助多伦多大学(University of Toronto)战略计划加速联盟(Acceleration Consortium)科学领导团队的成员。
She has received numerous awards and is a distinguished fellow of prestigious societies including the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. In addition, she is a co-founder and CEO of Intrepid Labs Inc., a company that is accelerating pharmaceutical drug development through integration of AI, automation and advanced computing.
她获得了许多奖项,是美国医学与生物工程研究所和加拿大健康科学院等著名学会的杰出研究员。此外,她还是无畏实验室公司(Intrepid Labs Inc.)的联合创始人兼首席执行官,该公司通过集成人工智能、自动化和先进计算来加速药物开发。
She is also a co-founder and board member at Nanovista Inc. Her lab at U of T is deeply engaged in industry partnerships, playing a key role in advancing drugs from early-stage research to clinical trials. Her leadership has been pivotal in several scientific societies, notably as President of the Controlled Release Society and the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences.
她也是Nanovista Inc.的联合创始人和董事会成员。她在T大学的实验室深入参与了行业合作,在将药物从早期研究推进到临床试验方面发挥了关键作用。她的领导在几个科学学会中发挥了关键作用,尤其是作为控释学会和加拿大药物科学学会的主席。
In academia, her roles have included the inaugural Associate Vice-President and Vice Provost Strategic Initiatives and Interim Dean of the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy. Dr. Allen’s commitment to equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) goes beyond words. In 2019, she founded the Women in STEAM: Leading and Reading book club to create a community that supports women as they advance in their education and careers.
在学术界,她的角色包括就职副总裁和副教务长战略计划以及莱斯利丹药学院临时院长。艾伦博士对公平、多样性和包容性(EDI)的承诺超越了语言。2019年,她成立了STEAM中的女性:领导和阅读读书俱乐部,以创建一个支持女性在教育和职业生涯中进步的社区。
She earned her Ph.D. in Chemistry from McGill University, and her Bachelor of Science from University of Ottawa..
她在麦吉尔大学获得化学博士学位,在渥太华大学获得理学学士学位。。
Joachim Kohn, Ph.D. – Scientific Advisory Board
Joachim Kohn博士-科学咨询委员会
Joachim Kohn, Ph.D. is a distinguished professor emeritus at Rutgers University and the founder and principal investigator of the Kohn Lab, a laboratory dedicated to improving health care and quality of life by developing advanced biomedical products for tissue repair, replacement and the delivery of pharmaceutical agents.
约阿希姆·科恩(Joachim Kohn)博士是罗格斯大学(Rutgers University)杰出的名誉教授,也是科恩实验室(Kohn Lab)的创始人和首席研究员。科恩实验室致力于通过开发用于组织修复、替代和药物输送的先进生物医学产品来改善医疗保健和生活质量。
Dr. Kohn serves as the director of the New Jersey Center for Biomaterials and has been a principal investigator for numerous federally funded research and development programs. His research focuses on the development of new biomaterials, and he has won numerous awards and honors for his breakthrough studies.
科恩博士是新泽西州生物材料中心的主任,也是众多联邦资助的研究和开发项目的主要研究员。他的研究专注于新生物材料的开发,并因其突破性研究获得了众多奖项和荣誉。
Dr. Kohn holds a bachelor’s degree from Hebrew University, a Ph.D. from Weizmann Institute, and completed a postdoctoral fellowship in polymeric drug delivery systems at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology..
Kohn博士拥有希伯来大学的学士学位,魏茨曼研究所的博士学位,并在麻省理工学院完成了聚合物药物输送系统的博士后研究。。
Louis Lazo Radulovic, Ph.D., M.P.H. – Scientific Advisory Board
Louis Lazo Radulovic博士,医学博士-科学咨询委员会
Lous Lazo Radulovic, Ph.D., M.P.H., is an independent consultant who brings significant experience in pharmacokinetics/drug metabolism and toxicology. Previously, Dr. Radulovic worked at Warner-Lamber/Parke-Davis and Pfizer for over 20 years, having held positions of increasing responsibility at both companies.
Lous Lazo Radulovic博士,医学博士,是一名独立顾问,在药代动力学/药物代谢和毒理学方面拥有丰富经验。此前,拉杜洛维奇博士在华纳-兰伯/帕克-戴维斯和辉瑞工作了20多年,在两家公司担任越来越重要的职位。
He subsequently started a Michigan office for Fulcrum Pharma Developments, Inc, a multi-national drug development and regulatory consulting company. After leaving Fulcrum, Dr. Radulovic founded two independent nonclinical consulting companies, Drug Development Preclinical Services, LLC and Innovative Pharma Consulting, LLC.
随后,他为Fulcrum Pharma Developments,Inc(一家跨国药物开发和监管咨询公司)成立了密歇根州办事处。离开支点后,拉杜洛维奇博士成立了两家独立的非临床咨询公司,药物开发临床前服务有限责任公司和创新制药咨询有限责任公司。
His expertise spans medical devices, small molecules, and biologics across several therapeutic areas. Dr. Radulovic has served on in-licensing/due diligence teams, conducted numerous gap analyses on nonclinical packages, and has extensive regulatory submission experience for CNS drugs and antihyperlipidemics.
他的专业知识涵盖了医疗器械、小分子和生物制剂等多个治疗领域。拉杜洛维奇博士曾在许可/尽职调查团队中任职,对非临床包装进行了大量差距分析,并对中枢神经系统药物和抗高脂血症药物具有广泛的监管提交经验。
Dr. Radulovic is a retired member of the Society of Toxicology and has served as a member of the editorial board of Drug Metabolism and Disposition. He was also an Adjunct Professor of Toxicology at The University of Michigan and is a graduate of the same institution..
拉杜洛维奇博士是毒理学学会的退休成员,曾担任《药物代谢与处置》编辑委员会成员。他还是密歇根大学毒理学的兼职教授,毕业于同一机构。。
Arthur Tipton, Ph.D. – Scientific Advisory Board
Arthur Tipton博士-科学咨询委员会
Arthur Tipton, Ph.D., is an independent consultant that aids companies in developing the next generation of drug delivery products. He previously held leadership roles in three drug delivery start-ups and played a key role in each company’s path to a public offering. He was founder and chief executive officer of Brookwood Pharmaceuticals, now part of Evonik.
Arthur Tipton博士是一名独立顾问,帮助公司开发下一代药物输送产品。他曾在三家药物输送初创公司担任领导职务,并在每家公司的上市道路上发挥了关键作用。他是布鲁克伍德制药(Brookwood Pharmaceuticals)的创始人兼首席执行官,现在是赢创(Evonik)的一部分。
Dr. Tipton holds 43 U.S. patents; his inventive efforts have led to several publications and multiple commercial products. He currently serves as a board member for five organizations and has previous experience on 12 additional boards. His resume also includes induction into the National Academy of Inventors, the College of Fellows for the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and the Controlled Release Society, where he served as president in 2015.
Tipton博士拥有43项美国专利;他的创造性努力导致了几篇出版物和多种商业产品。。他的简历还包括进入美国国家发明家学会、美国医学与生物工程研究所研究员学院和控制释放学会,并于2015年担任该学会会长。
Most recently, Dr. Tipton was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2021. He holds a Ph.D. in polymer science and engineering from the University of Massachusetts..
最近,蒂普顿博士于2021年当选为美国国家工程院院士。他拥有麻省大学高分子科学与工程博士学位。。
About ATX101
关于ATX101
ATX101 is a novel investigational configuration of an approved, well-characterized, validated intracellular sodium ion channel blocker, bupivacaine, and a biopolymer that has been designed to provide weeks of pain relief following total knee arthroplasty (TKA, or replacement), a common orthopedic surgery.
ATX101是一种新型的研究配置,它是一种经过批准,充分表征,验证的细胞内钠离子通道阻滞剂布比卡因和一种生物聚合物,旨在在全膝关节置换术(TKA或置换术)后提供数周的疼痛缓解,这是一种常见的骨科手术。
ATX101 has a high density of drug within its small footprint to allow for ultra-sustained analgesia. It is placed in minutes at the end of standard surgery to deliver its analgesic effect over weeks before eventually dissolving into water and carbon dioxide. The simple procedure does not require specialized training and is intended to replace the existing complex mix of analgesic products used for shorter-term pain management in the post-surgical setting.
ATX101在其较小的占地面积内具有高密度的药物,可以实现超持续镇痛。在标准手术结束后几分钟内将其放置,以在数周内发挥镇痛作用,然后最终溶解于水和二氧化碳中。这个简单的程序不需要专门的培训,旨在取代现有的用于术后短期疼痛管理的镇痛产品的复杂组合。
ATX101 is an investigational product that has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration..
ATX101是一种尚未获得美国食品和药物管理局批准的研究产品。。
About Allay Therapeutics
关于Allay Therapeutics
Allay Therapeutics is pioneering ultra-sustained analgesic products to transform post-surgical pain management and recuperation for patients and physicians. Our proprietary technology platform combines validated non-opioid analgesics and biopolymers to create dissolvable candidates to deliver pain relief within a targeted site over weeks: an order of magnitude greater than the longest-lasting pain treatments currently available.
Allay Therapeutics是超持续镇痛产品的先驱,旨在改变患者和医生的术后疼痛管理和康复。我们的专有技术平台将经过验证的非阿片类镇痛药和生物聚合物结合在一起,创建可溶解的候选药物,在数周内在目标部位缓解疼痛:比目前可用的最持久的疼痛治疗方法大一个数量级。
Our platform and vision were shaped by The Foundry incubator and Lightstone Venture’s Singapore Fund. Allay unites a dynamic, global team of entrepreneurs, scientists, clinicians and innovators in the San Francisco Bay Area and Singapore. Learn more at allaytx.com..
我们的平台和愿景是由Foundry孵化器和Lightstone Venture的新加坡基金塑造的。Allay在旧金山湾区和新加坡联合了一支由企业家、科学家、临床医生和创新者组成的充满活力的全球团队。更多信息,请访问allaytx.com。。