AbstractHabrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the most important parasitoids of many pyralid moths, including the olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The widespread use of insecticides threatens natural enemies. Assessing the side effects of insecticides on nontarget organisms supports the rational use of insecticides during field application.

摘要Habrobracon hebetor Say（膜翅目：茧蜂科）是许多吡咯类蛾中最重要的寄生蜂之一，包括橄榄叶蛾Palpita unionalis Hubner（鳞翅目：吡咯科）。杀虫剂的广泛使用威胁着天敌。评估杀虫剂对非目标生物的副作用有助于在田间应用期间合理使用杀虫剂。

The present study evaluates the lethal and sublethal effects of three insect growth regulators (IGRs), novaluron, methoxyfenozide, and pyriproxyfen, on P. unionalis and the demographic toxicology of these IGRs on its parasitoid H. hebetor. The LC50 values of these IGRs on P. unionalis were 0.97, 0.176, and 0.00009 ppm, respectively, indicating that pyriproxyfen was the most toxic.

本研究评估了三种昆虫生长调节剂（IGR），诺氟隆，甲氧基苯甲酰胺和吡咯烷酮对P.unionalis的致死和亚致死作用，以及这些IGR对其寄生蜂H.hebetor的人口毒理学。这些IGR对P.unionalis的LC50值分别为0.97、0.176和0.00009 ppm，表明吡咯烷酮毒性最大。

When H. hebetor adults were exposed to these LC50 levels under laboratory conditions to determine possible side effects. The IGRs did not affect the paralysis and parasitism rates of the parasitoid nor the sex ratio of its offspring. IGR treatments slightly reduced hatching rates and immature survival by 15–25%, indicating moderate effects on the early developmental stages of H.

当H.hebetor成虫在实验室条件下暴露于这些LC50水平以确定可能的副作用时。IGR不影响寄生蜂的瘫痪率和寄生率，也不影响其后代的性别比例。IGR处理使孵化率和未成熟存活率略有降低15-25%，表明对H的早期发育阶段有中等影响。

hebetor. The longevity and fecundity of treated females were each reduced to < 50% of their respective values in untreated females. Additionally, some demographic parameters of the parasitoid were significantly affected by the IGRs. Nevertheless, despite these observed effects, the positive net reproductive rate (R0 > 0) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm > 1) of H.

赫贝托。治疗女性的寿命和繁殖力均降至未治疗女性各自值的50%以下。。然而，尽管有这些观察到的影响，H的正净生殖率（R0>）和内在增长率（rm>1）。

hebetor indicated an exponential population increase that reflects the compatibility of the IGRs with the parasitoid. Our results demonstrated that the tested IGRs could be categorized as relatively harmless compounds to the parasitoid. Following these laboratory a.

hebetor表示种群呈指数增长，这反映了IGR与寄生蜂的相容性。我们的结果表明，测试的IGR可以归类为对寄生蜂相对无害的化合物。遵循这些实验室a。

IntroductionIn recent decades, the growing human population has led to agricultural expansion, which, along with climate change, has resulted in a rise in insect pest populations. This increase in pest activity has necessitated the extensive use of chemical pesticides. However, the widespread use of these pesticides has had significant environmental consequences, including the disruption of ecosystems and the detrimental impact on natural enemies that play a crucial role in pest control​1,2.When an insecticide is found to have potential effects against pest species, it is pertinent to determine its side effects on associated natural enemies3.

引言近几十年来，不断增长的人口导致农业扩张，随着气候变化，导致害虫数量增加。害虫活动的增加使化学农药的广泛使用成为必要。然而，这些农药的广泛使用已经产生了重大的环境后果，包括生态系统的破坏和对在害虫控制中起关键作用的天敌的有害影响1,2。当发现杀虫剂对害虫物种有潜在影响时，确定其对相关自然生态的副作用是相关的3。

This is for the reason that various studies have proven that exposure to low doses of different insecticides can affect the reproduction of natural enemies4,5,6. For effective IPM programs, the applied pesticides must be compatible with natural enemies7,8. Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are novel insecticides that can affect insect moulting and metamorphosis with better ecotoxicological profile than conventional pesticides9,10.

这是因为各种研究已经证明，暴露于低剂量的不同杀虫剂会影响自然肠道的繁殖4,5,6。对于有效的IPM计划，所使用的农药必须与自然环境相容7,8。昆虫生长调节剂（IGR）是一种新型杀虫剂，可以影响昆虫的蜕皮和变态，具有比传统杀虫剂更好的生态毒理学特征9,10。

IGRs can have contact effects on natural enemies over the initial hours following insecticide application; however, they are generally assumed to be less harmful when compared with other synthetic chemical insecticides11. Novaluron is a benzoylphenyl urea insecticide that suppresses endocuticular deposition and moulting by inhibiting chitin formation12; it is known to have low toxicity in birds and humans13.

在施用杀虫剂后的最初几个小时内，IGR可能对天敌产生接触作用；然而，与其他合成化学杀虫剂相比，它们通常被认为危害较小11。Novaluron是一种苯甲酰苯基脲杀虫剂，通过抑制几丁质的形成来抑制表皮内沉积和蜕皮12；已知它对鸟类和人类具有低毒性13。

Methoxyfenozide is a diacylhydrazine insecticide that mimics the moulting hormone and binds to the ecdysone receptor complex in lepidopterans; it has an excellent safety margin to a wide range of beneficial insects14. Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analogue that mimics its activities and competes ag.

；它对多种有益昆虫具有极好的安全裕度14。吡咯烷酮是一种幼年激素类似物，可模拟其活性并与ag竞争。

To assess the compatibility of the tested IGRs with H. hebetor, five young (< 24 h old) mated female parasitoids were exposed to freshly prepared IGR residues in Petri dishes. The Petri dishes (5.5 × 1.4 cm) were sprayed with 3 ml of the LC50 of the tested IGRs before they were hand-rolled and left to air dry.

为了评估测试的IGR与H.hebetor的相容性，将五只年轻（<24小时龄）交配的雌性寄生蜂暴露于培养皿中新鲜制备的IGR残基。将培养皿（5.5×1.4厘米）喷洒3毫升测试IGR的LC50，然后手动滚动并风干。

This method is consistent with the approach used by Saber and Abedi39 and Dakhli, et al.40, who have demonstrated its effectiveness in similar toxicological studies. Six Petri dishes were used for each IGR. After 24 h, each living female was transferred to a clean Petri dish and provided with honey droplets daily as food and with one G.

这种方法与Saber和Abedi39以及Dakhli等人40使用的方法一致，他们已经在类似的毒理学研究中证明了其有效性。。24小时后，将每只活着的雌性转移到干净的培养皿中，每天提供蜂蜜滴作为食物，并提供一克。

mellonella larva that served as a host for progeny development. This process was repeated using untreated Petri dishes for the purpose of comparison; observations continued until the females died.For each female, the following observations were recorded: total longevity [mean days per female ± standard error (SE)], fecundity (mean number of eggs per female ± SE), rate of host larval paralysis (number of paralyzed larvae from the total number of larvae introduced), and rate of host larval parasitism (number of parasitized larvae of the total number of larvae introduced).

mellonella幼虫，作为后代发育的宿主。为了比较，使用未经处理的培养皿重复该过程；。对于每只雌性，记录以下观察结果：总寿命[每只雌性的平均天数±标准误差（SE）]，繁殖力（每只雌性的平均卵数±SE），寄主幼虫麻痹率（引入幼虫总数中的瘫痪幼虫数）和寄主幼虫寄生率（引入幼虫总数中被寄生幼虫的数量）。

Paralyzed larvae are those that have been immobilized by the parasitoid’s sting but remain alive, whereas parasitized larvae have been both stung and used for oviposition by the parasitoid. Parasitized larvae were kept under the rearing conditions described above and progeny were recorded. Hatchability percentage (number of hatched eggs of the total eggs deposited), rate of larval survival (number of pupae from the number of larvae), rate of pupal survival (number of emerged adults from the number of pupae), and the sex ratio of offspring (females from the total num.

瘫痪的幼虫是那些被寄生蜂的叮咬固定但仍然存活的幼虫，而被寄生的幼虫既被寄生蜂叮咬又被寄生蜂用于产卵。将被寄生的幼虫保持在上述饲养条件下，并记录后代。孵化率（孵化卵的数量占总沉积卵的数量），幼虫存活率（幼虫数量中的蛹数量），蛹存活率（蛹数量中出现的成虫数量）和后代的性别比（总数量中的雌性）。