AbstractTannic acid (TA) is a potent antitumor agent, but its low bioavailability and absorption limit its use. In this study, it was loaded into chitosan-based nanoparticles (Chi-NPs) to overcome these limitations and to improve its antimicrobial and anticancer activities. TA-loaded Chi-NPs (Chi-TA-NPs) were synthesized using the ionic gelation method and physicochemically characterized by FE-SEM, FTIR, XRD, PDI, DLS, and zeta potential analysis.

摘要单宁酸（TA）是一种有效的抗肿瘤药物，但其低生物利用度和吸收限制了其使用。在这项研究中，它被加载到基于壳聚糖的纳米颗粒（Chi-NPs）中以克服这些限制并改善其抗菌和抗癌活性。使用离子凝胶化方法合成负载TA的Chi-TA NPs（Chi-TA NPs），并通过FE-SEM，FTIR，XRD，PDI，DLS和zeta电位分析进行物理化学表征。

Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of Chi-TA-NPs against two G+ bacterial strains, two G− bacterial strains, and a fungal strain (Candida albicans) was investigated using the microbroth dilution method. MTT assay was used to examine the cytotoxic effects of Chi-TA-NPs on HepG2 cells. The expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNMT3A, and DNMT3B was examined in HepG2 cells using RT-qPCR.

此外，使用microbroth稀释法研究了Chi-TA NPs对两种G+细菌菌株，两种G-细菌菌株和真菌菌株（白色念珠菌）的抗菌活性。MTT测定用于检查Chi-TA NPs对HepG2细胞的细胞毒性作用。使用RT-qPCR在HepG2细胞中检测DNA甲基转移酶1（DNMT1），DNMT3A和DNMT3B的表达。

The amount of 5-methylcytosine in the HepG2 cell-derived genomic DNA was measured using ELISA. FE-SEM micrographs showed the loading of TA into the chitosan-based formulation. The peaks detected in the XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed the formation of the Chi-TA-NPs. The PDI value (0.247 ± 0.03), size (567.0 ± 25.84 nm), and zeta potential (17.0 ± 5.86 mV) confirmed the relative stability of Chi-TA-NPs.

使用ELISA测量HepG2细胞衍生的基因组DNA中5-甲基胞嘧啶的量。FE-SEM显微照片显示TA加载到壳聚糖基制剂中。在XRD和FTIR分析中检测到的峰证实了Chi-TA NPs的形成。PDI值（0.247±0.03），尺寸（567.0±25.84 nm）和zeta电位（17.0±5.86 mV）证实了Chi-TA NPs的相对稳定性。

A constant release profile in line with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model was detected for Chi-TA-NPs, such that approximately 44% of TA was released after 300 min. In addition, Chi-TA-NPs exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against the studied microbial strains, as manifested by MIC values ranging from 250 to 1000 µg/mL.

对于Chi-TA NPs，检测到符合Korsmeyer-Peppas模型的恒定释放曲线，使得大约44%的TA在300分钟后释放。此外，Chi-TA NPs对所研究的微生物菌株表现出有效的抗菌活性，MIC值范围为250至1000µg/mL。

Chi-TA-NPs induced cytotoxicity in liver tumor cell line, with an IC50 value of 500 µg/mL. Furthermore, Chi-TA-NPs considerably decreased the expression of DNMT1 (2.52-fold; p = 0.01), DNMT3A (2.96-fold; p = 0.004).

Chi-TA NPs在肝肿瘤细胞系中诱导细胞毒性，IC50值为500µg/mL。此外，Chi-TA NPs显着降低DNMT1（2.52倍；p=0.01），DNMT3A（2.96倍；p=0.004）的表达。

IntroductionHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with approximately 700,000 deaths annually1. HCC has been shown to be related to genetic and environmental epigenetic factors including family history, alcohol consumption, hepatitis virus infection, and aflatoxin exposure2.

简介肝细胞癌（HCC）是全球癌症相关死亡的第三大原因，每年约有700000人死亡1。HCC已被证明与遗传和环境表观遗传因素有关，包括家族史，饮酒，肝炎病毒感染和黄曲霉毒素暴露2。

Epigenetic modifications play a crucial role in HCC pathogenesis3. These inherited changes affect gene expression patterns without altering DNA sequence4,5. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that occurs at the promoter CpG islands of tumor suppressor genes and is associated with gene silencing and cancer development6,7.

表观遗传修饰在HCC发病机制中起着至关重要的作用3。这些遗传变化影响基因表达模式而不改变DNA序列4,5。DNA甲基化是一种重要的表观遗传修饰，发生在肿瘤抑制基因的启动子CpG岛上，与基因沉默和癌症发展有关6,7。

DNA is methylated by three active DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), DNMT3A, DNMT3B, and DNMT18,9. Several studies have demonstrated an association between HCC pathogenesis and alterations in DNA methylation patterns resulting from DNMTs upregulation10,11.The use of bioactive compounds is an effective approach suggested by researchers to normalize methylation status in a wide range of cancers, including HCC12.

DNA被三种活性DNA甲基转移酶（DNMTs），DNMT3A，DNMT3B和DNMT18,9甲基化。一些研究表明HCC发病机制与DNMTs上调引起的DNA甲基化模式改变之间存在关联10,11。研究人员建议使用生物活性化合物来正常化包括HCC12在内的多种癌症的甲基化状态。

Most commercially available anticancer drugs have side effects in patients, and chemoresistance develops after some while13. Tannic acid (TA) is a well-known tannin that consists of gallic acid molecules esterified to hydroxyl groups14,15,16. It is abundant in plants including grains, nuts, fruits, tea, and oaks17,18.

大多数市售抗癌药物对患者有副作用，并且在一段时间后会产生化学耐药性13。单宁酸（TA）是一种众所周知的单宁酸，由酯化为羟基的没食子酸分子组成14,15,16。它富含谷物，坚果，水果，茶叶和橡树等植物17,18。

Numerous studies have validated TA as a compound with antioxidant19, anti-inflammatory20, antimicrobial21, antifungal22, antiviral23, and anticancer properties24,25. However, TA administration has limitations in biological systems, such as its poor bioavailability26. Some researchers have determined that TA has a 50% uptake in the rat small intestine and that it does not entirely pass throug.

许多研究已经证实TA是一种具有抗氧化19，抗炎20，抗菌21，抗真菌22，抗病毒23和抗癌特性的化合物24,25。然而，TA给药在生物系统中存在局限性，例如其生物利用度差26。一些研究人员已经确定TA在大鼠小肠中有50%的摄取，并且它不会完全通过。

Data availability

数据可用性

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Science Data Bank repository, https://cstr.cn/31253.11.sciencedb.15072.

当前研究期间生成和/或分析的数据集可在科学数据库存储库中找到，https://cstr.cn/31253.11.sciencedb.15072.

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsWe thank the chairman and staff of the Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (LUMS), Khorramabad, Iran.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsNutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IranMarzieh Rashidipour, Saber Abbaszadeh, Mehdi Birjandi, Naser Pajouhi, Shahram Ahmadi Somaghian, Gholamreza Goudarzi & Esmaeel BabaeenezhadFunctional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, GermanySoroosh ShahryarhesamiHepatities Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IranMostafa Moradi SarabiAuthorsMarzieh RashidipourView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in.

下载参考文献致谢我们感谢伊朗霍拉马巴德洛雷斯坦医科大学（LUMS）营养健康研究中心的主席和工作人员。作者信息作者和附属机构洛雷斯坦医科大学营养健康研究中心，霍拉马巴德，伊拉曼马齐耶·拉希迪普尔，萨伯·阿巴斯扎德，梅赫迪·比尔詹迪，纳赛尔·帕朱希，沙赫拉姆·艾哈迈迪·索马吉安，戈拉姆雷扎·古达尔齐和埃斯迈尔·巴贝恩扎德功能基因组分析，德国癌症研究中心（DKFZ），伊姆·纽恩海默·费尔德58069120，海德堡，德国洛雷斯坦医科大学医学院生物化学与遗传学系RRAMABAD，IranMostafa Moradi SarabiAuthorsMarzieh RashidipourView作者出版物您也可以在中搜索该作者。

PubMed Google ScholarSaber AbbaszadehView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarSaber AbbaszadehView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarMehdi BirjandiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed谷歌学术评论BirjandiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarNaser PajouhiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarNaser PajouhiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarShahram Ahmadi SomaghianView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarShahram Ahmadi SomaghianView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarGholamreza GoudarziView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarGholamreza GoudarziView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarSoroosh ShahryarhesamiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarSoroosh ShahryarhesamiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarMostafa Moradi SarabiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarMostafa Moradi SarabiView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarEsmaeel BabaeenezhadView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarEsmaeel BabaeenezhadView作者出版物您也可以在

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by M.R., S.A., M.B., N.P., S.A.S., G.G., S.S., M.M.S. and E.B. The first draft of the manuscript was written by M.M.S.

PubMed谷歌学术贡献所有作者都为研究概念和设计做出了贡献。材料准备，数据收集和分析由M.R.，S.A.，M.B.，N.P.，S.A.S.，G.G.，S.S.，M.M.S.和E.B.进行。手稿的初稿由M.M.S.撰写。

and E.B. and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to.

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Mostafa Moradi Sarabi or Esmaeel Babaeenezhad.Ethics declarations

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Competing interests

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleRashidipour, M., Abbaszadeh, S., Birjandi, M. et al. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic and epigenetic effects of tannic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.

转载和许可本文引用本文Rashidipour，M.，Abbaszadeh，S.，Birjandi，M。等人。负载单宁酸的壳聚糖纳米颗粒的抗菌活性以及细胞毒性和表观遗传效应。

Sci Rep 14, 30405 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80771-xDownload citationReceived: 12 August 2024Accepted: 21 November 2024Published: 06 December 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80771-xShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

Sci Rep 1430405（2024）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80771-xDownload引文收到日期：2024年8月12日接受日期：2024年11月21日发布日期：2024年12月6日OI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80771-xShare本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容：获取可共享链接对不起，本文目前没有可共享的链接。复制到剪贴板。

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KeywordsChitosan nanoparticlesTannic acidCytotoxicityAntimicrobial effectsDNA methylation

关键词chitosan纳米颗粒鞣酸细胞毒性和抗菌作用DNA甲基化