根尖显微手术专家共识-动脉网

Expert consensus on apical microsurgery

Nature 等信源发布 2025-01-02 13:04

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AbstractApical microsurgery is accurate and minimally invasive, produces few complications, and has a success rate of more than 90%. However, due to the lack of awareness and understanding of apical microsurgery by dental general practitioners and even endodontists, many clinical problems remain to be overcome.

摘要根尖显微手术准确，微创，并发症少，成功率超过90%。然而，由于牙科全科医生甚至牙髓病学家对根尖显微手术缺乏认识和理解，许多临床问题仍有待克服。

The consensus has gathered well-known domestic experts to hold a series of special discussions and reached the consensus. This document specifies the indications, contraindications, preoperative preparations, operational procedures, complication prevention measures, and efficacy evaluation of apical microsurgery and is applicable to dentists who perform apical microsurgery after systematic training..

该共识聚集了国内知名专家进行了一系列专题讨论，达成了共识。。。

IntroductionRoot canal therapy is currently the most common and effective method for treating periapical diseases, with a success rate of more than 80%, while the success rate of root canal retreatment can reach 50–80%. Developments in technology, materials, and equipment related to root canal therapy, especially the introduction of dental operative microscopes, have aided in the increase in treatment success rates.

简介根管治疗是目前治疗根尖周病最常用和有效的方法，成功率超过80%，而根管再治疗的成功率可达50-80%。与根管治疗相关的技术，材料和设备的发展，特别是牙科手术显微镜的引入，有助于提高治疗成功率。

However, due to the complexity of the root canal system, the formation of extraradicular bacterial biofilms, and the occurrence of true cysts, some periapical diseases still cannot be cured. In such cases, combined surgical treatment, i.e., endodontic surgery, is needed.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Endodontic microsurgery was developed in the 1990s with the application of a dental operative microscope.

然而，由于根管系统的复杂性，根外细菌生物膜的形成以及真正囊肿的发生，一些根尖周病仍然无法治愈。在这种情况下，需要联合手术治疗，即牙髓手术。1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8牙髓显微手术是在20世纪90年代应用牙科手术显微镜开发的。

The magnification and illumination provided by the microscope allow endodontic surgery to be performed using microscopic instruments, ultrasonic tips, and bioactive ceramic materials.1,9,10,11 Three main types of endodontic microsurgery are currently performed: apical microsurgery, periradicular microsurgery, and microscopic intentional replantation.

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The apical microsurgery is a surgical procedure on the root apex, including osteotomy, root-end resection, root-end preparation, and filling under the microscope. For the cases where apical microsurgery is not feasible, microscopic intentional replantation is indicated, i.e., insertion of a tooth into its alveolus after the tooth has been extracted for the purpose of performing treatment under a microscope, such as root-end filling(s) or perforation repair.

根尖显微手术是根尖的外科手术，包括截骨术，根尖切除术，根尖准备和显微镜下填充。对于根尖显微手术不可行的情况，需要进行显微镜下的有意再植，即在拔牙后将牙齿插入其肺泡，以便在显微镜下进行治疗，例如根端填充或穿孔修复。

Periradicular microsurgery, including root amputation and hemisection, is a surgical procedure for the removal of a root or root of a tooth.9,12,13Compared with traditional.

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Uncontrolled hypertension, coronary heart disease, and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

不受控制的高血压，冠心病和其他心脑血管疾病。

Elevated risks of secondary infection: infective endocarditis caused by organic heart disease or a state of immunosuppression due to malignant tumors, organ transplantation, or uncontrolled diabetes.

继发感染风险增加：由器质性心脏病或恶性肿瘤、器官移植或不受控制的糖尿病引起的免疫抑制状态引起的感染性心内膜炎。

Elevated bleeding risk: abnormal coagulation function caused by hemophilia, thrombocytopenic purpura, or other diseases.

出血风险升高：由血友病、血小板减少性紫癜或其他疾病引起的凝血功能异常。

Existing risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw: previous radiotherapy or injection with intravenous or oral bisphosphonates.

颌骨骨坏死的现有风险：既往放疗或静脉注射或口服双膦酸盐。

Other conditions making the patient unsuitable for surgery, including pregnancy and an inability to cooperate with surgery due to age or mental status.

使患者不适合手术的其他情况，包括怀孕以及由于年龄或精神状况而无法配合手术。

Local conditionsIf a patient has the following local conditions, the surgeon should carefully evaluate the feasibility of apical microsurgery.1,12,13,61,62,63,64. Diseased tooth in the acute inflammatory stage.. Proximity of the root apex of the diseased tooth to important anatomical structures, such as blood vessels and nerves..

局部条件如果患者有以下局部条件，外科医生应仔细评估根尖显微手术的可行性。1,12,13,61,62,63,64。急性炎症阶段的患病牙齿。。患牙根尖与重要解剖结构（如血管和神经）的接近程度。。

Difficult lip retraction and obstruction by soft tissues and hard tissues limit the surgical approach.. Poor oral hygiene and insufficient periodontal support.. A crown-to-root ratio greater than 1:1 after root end resection or further grinding due to vertical root fracture or external root resorption.Preoperative examinationHistory and preoperative examination.

软组织和硬组织难以收回嘴唇和阻塞，限制了手术方法。。口腔卫生差，牙周支持不足。。在根端切除或由于垂直根断裂或外部根吸收而进一步研磨后，冠根比大于1:1。术前检查史和术前检查。

Systemic conditions. The patient’s past medical history, medication history, and allergy history, especially the history of anesthesia-related allergies, should be collected to evaluate systemic health status, to rule out systemic diseases that are not suitable for surgery, and to predict possible complications.

全身状况。应收集患者过去的病史，用药史和过敏史，特别是麻醉相关过敏史，以评估全身健康状况，排除不适合手术的全身性疾病，并预测可能的并发症。

Blood pressure should be measured, and a physician should be consulted if necessary..

应测量血压，必要时应咨询医生。。

Blood tests. Routine blood test results, clotting time, infectious diseases (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, AIDS, and syphilis), and blood glucose levels should be recorded.

验血。应记录常规血液检查结果、凝血时间、传染病（乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、艾滋病和梅毒）和血糖水平。

Maxillofacial examination. Check whether there is swelling of the maxillofacial region.

颌面检查。检查颌面部是否肿胀。

General oral examination. Examination of temporomandibular joint, width of mouth opening, oral hygiene status, occlusion, oral vestibular depth, muscle attachment, etc. should be performed.

一般口试。应检查颞下颌关节，张口宽度，口腔卫生状况，咬合，口腔前庭深度，肌肉附着等。

Examination of the diseased tooth. The condition of hard tissues, including the shape of the tooth crown, the presence of a restoration, the integrity and marginal adaptation of the restoration, should be assessed.

检查患病牙齿。应评估硬组织的状况，包括牙冠的形状，修复体的存在，修复体的完整性和边缘适应性。

The conditions of the periodontal tissues and mucosa, the color and morphological texture of the gingiva and mucosa, the presence of a sinus tract, and the location and source of the sinus tract should be examined. The periodontal probing depth, width of the attached gingiva, condition of the root furcation, and health status of the interdental papilla should be evaluated..

应检查牙周组织和粘膜的状况，牙龈和粘膜的颜色和形态结构，窦道的存在以及窦道的位置和来源。应评估牙周探诊深度，附着牙龈的宽度，根分叉的状况以及牙间乳头的健康状况。。

Imaging examinations Periapical radiographs and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) should be obtained. The parallelling projection technique is recommended for periapical radiographs. CBCT can be used to determine the extent of the lesion and to examine the diseased tooth and its anatomical relationship with the surrounding tissues.71,72.

影像学检查应获得根尖周X线片和锥形束计算机断层扫描（CBCT）。平行投影技术被推荐用于根尖周X光片。CBCT可用于确定病变程度，检查患病牙齿及其与周围组织的解剖关系[71,72]。

Confirming clinical diagnosis and developing treatment plansA correct diagnosis of the diseased tooth should be made based on the patient’s chief complaints, medical history, and examination results. Systemic and oral health evaluations should be performed, and apical microsurgery should be selected according to the indications.Preoperative preparationsMedical preparationsIt is recommended that surgery be performed in a dental clinic with dedicated space and that the clinic room be disinfected.

确认临床诊断并制定治疗计划应根据患者的主诉，病史和检查结果对患病牙齿进行正确诊断。应进行全身和口腔健康评估，并应根据适应症选择根尖显微手术。。

The equipment should include a dental operative microscope and an ultrasonic unit. The instruments should include 45-degree surgical handpiece and long surgical burs; incision, separation, exposure, and suturing instruments; minicurettes; micromirrors; a microexplorer; ultrasonic tips for root-end preparation; and micropluggers.

设备应包括牙科手术显微镜和超声波装置。器械应包括45度手术手机和长手术钻；切口，分离，暴露和缝合器械；微型刮匙；微镜；微探索者；用于根端制备的超声波尖端；。

Drugs and other materials include anesthetic drugs, disinfectants, bioactive materials, vasoconstrictors, and stains.Patient preparationChlorhexidine compound mouthwash should be used, and anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs should be administered taken orally if necessary. Antibiotics can be used prophylactically when there is a risk of infection.Local anesthesiaAnesthesia should cover the diseased tooth plus two neighboring teeth.

药物和其他材料包括麻醉药物、消毒剂、生物活性材料、血管收缩剂和污渍。患者制剂应使用氯己定复方漱口水，必要时应口服抗炎镇痛药物。当有感染风险时，可以预防性地使用抗生素。局部麻醉麻醉应覆盖患病牙齿和两颗相邻的牙齿。

Infiltration anesthesia is recommended for maxillary teeth, and block and infiltration anesthesia are recommended for mandibular teeth. The local anesthesia is performed according to the standard of the Chinese Stomatological Association “Guideline for oral local anesthesia (T/CHSA 021—2023)”.Surgical area preparationAfter disinfecting the surgical area, a drape should be applied.Surgical proceduresThe clinical operating procedure of apical microsurgery includes seven main steps as shown in Fig.

上颌牙齿推荐浸润麻醉，下颌牙齿推荐阻滞和浸润麻醉。根据中国口腔医学会标准“口腔局部麻醉指南（T/CHSA 021-2023）”进行局部麻醉。手术区域准备手术区域消毒后，应使用窗帘。外科手术心尖显微手术的临床操作程序包括七个主要步骤，如图所示。

1.Fig. 1Schematic diagram of .

1.图1的示意图。

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Download referencesAuthor informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Hanguo Wang, Xin XuAuthors and AffiliationsState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, ChinaHanguo Wang & Qing YuState Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, ChinaXin Xu, Jiyao Li, Dingming Huang & Xuedong ZhouState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaZhuan Bian, Zhi Chen & Liuyan MengDepartment of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, ChinaJingping LiangSchool of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaBenxiang HouDepartment of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, ChinaLihong Qiu & Di YangCollege & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, ChinaWenxia Chen & Fangfang XieDepartment of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, .

下载参考文献作者信息作者注意到这些作者做出了同样的贡献：王汉国，许鑫作者及其附属机构国家口腔颌面重建与再生国家重点实验室，国家口腔疾病临床研究中心，陕西省口腔疾病重点实验室，第四军医大学口腔医学院牙科与牙髓外科，西安，中国汉国王，余庆口腔疾病国家重点实验室，国家口腔医学中心，国家口腔疾病临床研究中心，四川大学华西口腔医院龋齿与牙髓科，成都，许鑫，李纪尧，黄定明，周学东口腔与牙髓国家重点实验室颌面重建与再生，口腔生物医学教育部重点实验室，湖北省口腔医学重点实验室，武汉大学口腔学院和医院牙髓科，武汉，中国转边，上海交通大学医学院上海市第九人民医院牙髓与手术牙科；上海交通大学口腔医学院；国家口腔医学中心；国家口腔疾病临床研究中心；上海市口腔医学重点实验室，上海市上海市口腔医学研究所，中国首都医科大学梁景平口腔医学院，北京，中国本乡后中国医科大学口腔医学院牙髓科，沈阳，中国李洪秋和狄阳学院，广西医科大学口腔医院，南宁，中国陈文霞和谢芳芳口腔医院牙科与牙髓外科。

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Junqi Ling, Lin Yue, Xuedong Zhou or Qing Yu.Ethics declarations

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Informed consent

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Patients (or their guardians) must be informed about the details of apical microsurgery and must provide informed consent prior to the procedure.

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleWang, H., Xu, X., Bian, Z. et al. Expert consensus on apical microsurgery.

转载和许可本文引用本文Wang，H.，Xu，X.，Bian，Z。等人关于根尖显微外科的专家共识。

Int J Oral Sci 17, 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-024-00334-8Download citationReceived: 06 June 2024Revised: 18 August 2024Accepted: 21 October 2024Published: 02 January 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-024-00334-8Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard.

国际口腔科学杂志17,2（2025）。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-024-00334-8Download引文收到日期：2024年6月6日修订日期：2024年8月18日接受日期：2024年10月21日发布日期：2025年1月2日DOI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-024-00334-8Share本文与您共享以下链接的任何人都可以阅读此内容：获取可共享链接对不起，本文目前没有可共享的链接。复制到剪贴板。

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