带状疱疹患者m7G基因表达与疾病风险模型构建-动脉网

m7G gene expression and disease risk model construction in patients with herpes zoster

Nature 等信源发布 2025-02-10 17:59

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可切换为仅中文

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Abstract

摘要

This study investigates the association between mRNA levels of genes involved in 7-methylguanosine (m7G) metabolism and the prognosis of herpes zoster. By analyzing the transcriptional profiles of m7G-related genes in herpes zoster from the GSE242252 dataset, it was found that NSUN2, AGO2, and SNUPN were differentially expressed between herpes zoster and normal controls (.

本研究调查了7-甲基鸟苷（m7G）代谢相关基因的mRNA水平与带状疱疹预后之间的关系。通过分析来自GSE242252数据集的带状疱疹中m7G相关基因的转录谱，发现NSUN2，AGO2和SNUPN在带状疱疹和正常对照之间差异表达（。

< 0.05). AGO2 and SNUPN were negatively correlated with multiple immune cell infiltrations, while NSUN2 was positively correlated with immature B cell infiltration. A nomogram model based on NSUN2, AGO2, and SNUPN was constructed and showed good predictive ability, validated through clinical impact curve analysis (CICA), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

<0.05）。AGO2和SNUPN与多种免疫细胞浸润呈负相关，而NSUN2与未成熟B细胞浸润呈正相关。构建了基于NSUN2，AGO2和SNUPN的列线图模型，并通过临床影响曲线分析（CICA），校准曲线和决策曲线分析（DCA）验证了其良好的预测能力。

The results suggest that a nomogram based on NSUN2, AGO2, and SNUPN can predict the risk of herpes zoster, and the relationship between these genes and immune infiltration may influence the prognosis of herpes zoster..

结果表明，基于NSUN2，AGO2和SNUPN的列线图可以预测带状疱疹的风险，这些基因与免疫浸润之间的关系可能会影响带状疱疹的预后。。

Trial registration

试用注册

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital (No 2023QH003).

：本研究经福建医科大学附属协和医院机构审查委员会（编号2023QH003）批准。

Introduction

简介

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivates in the body and causes herpes zoster (HZ), which is more common in the elderly. The clinical manifestations of HZ are diverse. An adverse event, known as HZ, has been reported in some people following COVID-19 vaccination

水痘带状疱疹病毒（VZV）在体内重新激活并引起带状疱疹（HZ），这在老年人中更常见。HZ的临床表现多种多样。据报道，一些人接种新型冠状病毒疫苗后出现了一种称为HZ的不良事件

. As the number of people vaccinated against COVID-19 has increased during the pandemic, so has the incidence of HZ

. At the same time, with the aging of the population, it may lead to increased incidence. Immunosuppression and the use of specific drugs, including methotrexate, thiopurine, or corticosteroids, may induce VZV reactivation

同时，随着人口老龄化，它可能导致发病率增加。免疫抑制和使用特定药物，包括甲氨蝶呤、硫嘌呤或皮质类固醇，可能会诱导VZV再激活

. Therefore, HZ is also getting attention. In China, the incidence of HZ for all age groups is 4.28/1000 person-years, of which the incidence of HZ in people over 60 years old is 11.69 per 1,000 person-years

因此，HZ也受到了关注。在中国，所有年龄组的HZ发病率为4.28/1000人年，其中60岁以上人群的HZ发病率为11.69/1000人年

. This is similar to the 12.1 per 1,000 person-years reported for people over 70 years in the United States

。这与美国70岁以上人群报告的每1000人年12.1人相似

. The manifestations of VZV infection vary from individual to individual, and the susceptibility and pathogenesis are not fully understood.

VZV感染的表现因人而异，其易感性和发病机制尚不完全清楚。

As a kind of RNA modification, N

作为一种RNA修饰，N

-methylguanosine (m7G) is widely distributed in various biological RNAs and even in viral transcripts

-甲基鸟苷（m7G）广泛分布于各种生物rna甚至病毒转录本中

. The m7G modification has been shown to play a significant role in the development of many human diseases by participating in various RNA metabolic processes and has attracted great attention in recent years

m7G修饰已被证明通过参与各种RNA代谢过程在许多人类疾病的发展中发挥重要作用，近年来引起了人们的极大关注

. Abnormally expressed levels of m7G-related genes have been found in many tumors and viral diseases

在许多肿瘤和病毒性疾病中发现了m7G相关基因的异常表达水平

. Cluster analysis based on m7G-related genes found that COVID-19 patients with higher immune infiltration also had less symptoms

基于m7G相关基因的聚类分析发现，免疫浸润程度较高的新型冠状病毒肺炎患者症状也较少

. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) decline is thought to precede HZ onset. The CMI was negatively correlated with both the incidence and severity of HZ

细胞介导的免疫力（CMI）下降被认为是在HZ发作之前。CMI与HZ的发生率和严重程度呈负相关

. The immune function of HZ patients based on m7G modification level is also worth exploring.

基于m7G修饰水平的HZ患者的免疫功能也值得探索。

Many studies have demonstrated the relationship between m7G modification and the pathogenesis of many viral infections. However, the specific mechanism of m7G modification in herpes zoster disease has not been clarified. In this study, we evaluated the m7G-related genes in patients with HZ. In addition, individuals were classified into disease subtypes by the consensus clustering method.

许多研究已经证明了m7G修饰与许多病毒感染的发病机理之间的关系。然而，m7G修饰在带状疱疹疾病中的具体机制尚未阐明。在这项研究中，我们评估了HZ患者的m7G相关基因。此外，通过共识聚类方法将个体分为疾病亚型。

Moreover, a nomogram model which based on three m7G genes was established for herpes zoster risk prediction..

此外，建立了基于三个m7G基因的列线图模型，用于带状疱疹风险预测。。

Materials and methods

材料和方法

The RNA-seq of patients with herpes zoster and m7G-related genes

带状疱疹患者的RNA-seq和m7G相关基因

The GSE242252 dataset containing transcript profiles of herpes zoster patients was downloaded from GEO. The transcriptomic data presented in this study were derived from peripheral blood samples collected from patients diagnosed with herpes zoster. The blood samples were processed to isolate total RNA, which was then used to generate transcriptomic profiles.

从GEO下载了包含带状疱疹患者转录本概况的GSE242252数据集。本研究中提供的转录组数据来自从诊断为带状疱疹的患者收集的外周血样本。处理血液样品以分离总RNA，然后将其用于产生转录组谱。

The transcriptome data were normalized before further analysis. The GSE242252 dataset included 49 herpes zoster and 31 healthy controls. According to literature searches and the GSEA database (.

在进一步分析之前，将转录组数据标准化。GSE242252数据集包括49个带状疱疹和31个健康对照。根据文献检索和GSEA数据库（。

http://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/login.jsp

), 24 m7G-related genes have been identified. All analyses were statistically analyzed by R software (version 4.3.1).

)。所有分析均通过R软件（版本4.3.1）进行统计分析。

Classification of herpes zoster subtypes

带状疱疹亚型的分类

This study classified herpes zoster patients’ subtypes based on different methods including m7G clustering, gene clustering, and m7G score clustering. In m7G clustering and gene clustering, we used R package “ConsensusClusterPlus” for grouping herpes zoster patients. The m7G clustering is to classify herpes zoster patients into two groups by the expression level of m7G-related genes.

本研究基于不同的方法对带状疱疹患者的亚型进行分类，包括m7G聚类，基因聚类和m7G评分聚类。在m7G聚类和基因聚类中，我们使用R软件包“ConsensusClusterPlus”对带状疱疹患者进行分组。m7G聚类是根据m7G相关基因的表达水平将带状疱疹患者分为两组。

Then the gene clustering is according to the expression levels of differential expression genes (DEGs) detected between m7G-clusters. Principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm was used in the m7G score clustering. We also visualized the grouping of individual patients across three disease subtypes..

然后根据m7G簇之间检测到的差异表达基因（DEG）的表达水平进行基因聚类。主成分分析（PCA）算法用于m7G评分聚类。我们还可视化了三种疾病亚型的个体患者分组。。

Functional enrichment analysis and immune cell infiltration analysis

功能富集分析和免疫细胞浸润分析

The DEGs between herpes zoster patients with the m7G disease subtype were analyzed for KEGG

分析了具有m7G疾病亚型的带状疱疹患者之间的DEG的KEGG

and GO analysis. Infiltration analysis of many types of immune cells in patients with herpes zoster was performed using the ssGSEA method

和GO分析。使用ssGSEA方法对带状疱疹患者的多种免疫细胞进行浸润分析

The nomogram model

列线图模型

By comparing the residuals, AUC values and reverse cumulative distribution of residuals of different machine learning methods, disease characteristic genes of herpes zoster were obtained after determining better machine learning methods. Then, a nomogram model for risk prediction of herpes zoster were constructed using disease characteristic genes.

通过比较不同机器学习方法的残差、AUC值和残差的反向累积分布，确定更好的机器学习方法后，获得带状疱疹的疾病特征基因。然后，使用疾病特征基因构建用于带状疱疹风险预测的列线图模型。

The validity of this model was also further verified using clinical impact curve analysis (CICA), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA)..

使用临床影响曲线分析（CICA），校准曲线和决策曲线分析（DCA）进一步验证了该模型的有效性。。

qRT-PCR

定量rt-PCR

We utilized peripheral blood from patients with herpes zoster to extract total RNA, which was then used to detect the relative expression levels of the relevant genes. The qRT–PCR was measured with the ABI 7900HT system with SYBR Select Master Mix (4472908, Thermo Fisher). The sequences of the primers are as follows: AGO forward, 5’- CGTCCTCTGGGACGACAATC-3’ and reverse, 5’- ATGGCTTCCTTCAGCACTGT − 3’; SNUPN forward, 5’- ACGTTC TGGATGTGATGTGCT-3’ and reverse, 5’- CATCACACAGGCTTTCGGGA-3’.

我们利用带状疱疹患者的外周血提取总RNA，然后将其用于检测相关基因的相对表达水平。使用带有SYBR Select Master Mix（4472908，Thermo Fisher）的ABI 7900HT系统测量qRT-PCR。引物序列如下：AGO正向，5'-CGTCCTGTGGACGACAATC-3'和反向，5'-ATGGCTTCCTTCAGCACTGT- 3’; SNUPN正向，5'-ACGTTC TGGATGTGTGCTGCT-3'，反向，5'-CATCACAGGCTTTCGGGA-3'。

NSUN2 forward, 5’-CCTGAAGATGACCCATTATTTCCA-3’ and reverse, 5’-GCACATTCCGCAACTCCTTA-3’. This study was performed according to the relevant medical ethics regulations and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital (Fuzhou, China). This study was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

NSUN2正向，5'-CCTGAAGATGACCCATTATTCCA-3'和反向，5'-GCACATTCCGCAACTCCTTA-3'。本研究根据相关医学伦理法规进行，并经福建医科大学附属协和医院人类研究伦理委员会（中国福州）批准。这项研究是根据赫尔辛基宣言进行的。

All participants gave written informed consent prior to collection of the specimens..

所有参与者在收集标本之前都给出了书面知情同意书。。

Results

结果

Expression of m7G genes in herpes zoster patients

In the present study, 49 herpes zosters and 31 healthy controls were enrolled. Firstly, we identified the differential genes between the herpes zoster group and the healthy control group. The heat map in Fig.

在本研究中，纳入了49例带状疱疹和31例健康对照。首先，我们确定了带状疱疹组和健康对照组之间的差异基因。Fig.中的热图。

A shows the differential genes in each sample. Then we analyzed the m7G genes expression between herpes zoster and healthy controls. The level of NSUN2 was significantly up-regulated in herpes zoster. However, the expression of AGO2 and SNUPN were significantly down-regulated in herpes zoster (

A显示每个样品中的差异基因。然后我们分析了带状疱疹和健康对照之间的m7G基因表达。带状疱疹中NSUN2的水平显着上调。然而，带状疱疹中AGO2和SNUPN的表达明显下调(

< 0.05) (Fig.

<0.05）（图。

B). we generated heat maps of the expression of these genes in herpes zoster and healthy controls (Fig.

B）。我们生成了这些基因在带状疱疹和健康对照中表达的热图（图）。

C). The qRT-PCR analysis was conducted to compare the gene expression profiles of three genes (AGO2, SNUPN, and NSUN2) across 15 patients with herpes zoster and 15 healthy controls. As depicted in Fig.

C）。进行qRT-PCR分析以比较15例带状疱疹患者和15例健康对照中三种基因（AGO2，SNUPN和NSUN2）的基因表达谱。如图所示。

D, the relative expression levels of AGO2 and SNUPN were significantly downregulated in the herpes zoster patient group compared to the healthy controls. Conversely, the expression of NSUN2 was found to be upregulated in the patient cohort.

D、与健康对照组相比，带状疱疹患者组中AGO2和SNUPN的相对表达水平显着下调。相反，发现NSUN2的表达在患者队列中上调。

Fig. 1

图1

The expression and clustering of m7G genes. (

m7G基因的表达和聚类。（笑声）(

) Heat map of DEGs between herpes zoster and healthy controls. (

)带状疱疹和健康对照之间DEG的热图。（笑声）(

B类

) The expression of m7G-related genes in herpes zoster and healthy controls. (

)m7G相关基因在带状疱疹和健康对照中的表达。（笑声）(

C级

) Heat map of m7G genes between herpes zoster and healthy controls. (

)带状疱疹和健康对照之间m7G基因的热图。（笑声）(

) Using qRT-PCR to validate the relative expression levels of AGO2, SNUPN, and NSUN2. (

)使用qRT-PCR验证AGO2，SNUPN和NSUN2的相对表达水平。（笑声）(

) The best consensus matrix. (

)最佳共识矩阵(

F级

) AGO2 was differentially expressed in m7G cluster of herpes zoster patients. (

)AGO2在带状疱疹患者的m7G簇中差异表达。（笑声）(

克

) Heat map of the expression of AGO2, NSUN2, and SNUPN. (

)AGO2，NSUN2和SNUPN表达的热图。（笑声）(

小时

) The m7G cluster classification results are good.

)m7G聚类分类结果良好。

Full size image

全尺寸图像

The PAM algorithm and the lever of NSUN2, AGO2, and SNUPN were performed to obtain the best consensus matrix. Then patients were best divided into 2 groups (Fig.

进行PAM算法和NSUN2，AGO2和SNUPN的杠杆以获得最佳共识矩阵。然后将患者最好分为2组（图）。

E). So, we classify 49 herpes zoster patients into two groups, m7G-cluster A and B. The cluster B was characterized by a lower expression level of AGO2 (Fig.

E）。因此，我们将49例带状疱疹患者分为两组，m7G簇A和B。簇B的特征是AGO2的表达水平较低（图）。

F). Then a specific transcription profile was obtained according to AGO2, NSUN2, and SNUPN between m7G clusters (Fig.

F）。然后根据m7G簇之间的AGO2，NSUN2和SNUPN获得特定的转录谱（图）。

G). The divide between m7G clusters was also clear (Fig.

G）。m7G簇之间的鸿沟也很清楚（图）。

H).

H）。

m7G clustering and immune infiltration analysis

m7G聚类和免疫浸润分析

Due to the increasing number of herpes zoster patients, a deeper understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in herpes zoster has become increasingly important. The results showed that the infiltration of activated CD4 + T cell and activated CD8 + T cell in m7G-cluster B was significantly higher than that in m7G-cluster A (Fig. .

由于带状疱疹患者数量的增加，对带状疱疹免疫机制的深入了解变得越来越重要。结果显示，m7G簇B中活化的CD4+T细胞和活化的CD8+T细胞的浸润显着高于m7G簇A（图）。

A). We also further analyzed the correlation between NSUN2, AGO2, and SNUPN genes and immune infiltrating cells (Fig.

A）。我们还进一步分析了NSUN2、AGO2和SNUPN基因与免疫浸润细胞之间的相关性（图）。

B). The expression of AGO2 was negatively correlated with activated CD4 T cell and CD8 T cell. NSUN2 was positively correlated with immature B cell.

B）。AGO2的表达与活化的CD4 T细胞和CD8 T细胞呈负相关。NSUN2与未成熟B细胞呈正相关。

Fig. 2

图2

Analysis of m7G patterns for immune infiltration and functional enrichment. (

免疫浸润和功能富集的m7G模式分析。（笑声）(

) The expression of activated CD4 + T cell and CD8 + T cell were higher in m7G cluster B than in cluster A. (

)m7G簇B中活化的CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞的表达高于簇A(

B类

) The correlation between immune cells and NSUN2, AGO2, or SNUPN. The GO (

)免疫细胞与NSUN2，AGO2或SNUPN之间的相关性。围棋(

C级

) and KEGG (

)和KEGG(

) analysis of DEGs which were obtained from m7G clusters A and B.

)分析从m7G簇A和B获得的DEG。

Full size image

全尺寸图像

To further investigate the differences between the two subtypes, we counted the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The total number of DEGs is 301. After that, the 301 genes were enriched by GO (Supplementary Table

为了进一步研究两种亚型之间的差异，我们计算了差异表达基因（DEG）的数量。DEG总数为301。之后，GO富集了301个基因（补充表

) and KEGG (Supplementary Table

)和KEGG（补充表

) analyses. GO analysis results are shown in Fig.

)分析。GO分析结果如图所示。

C. Biological Process is mainly enriched in oxidative phosphorylation (GO:0006119), mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport (GO:0042775), ATP synthesis coupled electron transport (GO:0042773), respiratory electron transport chain (GO:0022904), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly (GO:0033108), and aerobic electron transport chain (GO:0019646).

C、生物过程主要富集氧化磷酸化（GO:0006119），线粒体ATP合成偶联电子传递（GO:0042775），ATP合成偶联电子传递（GO:0042773），呼吸电子传递链（GO:0022904），线粒体呼吸链复合物组装（GO:0033108）和好氧电子传递链（GO:0019646）。

Cellular Component is mainly concentrated in the mitochondrial inner membrane (GO:0005743) or mitochondrial protein-containing complex (GO:0098798). Molecular Function is mainly concentrated in the structural constituent of ribosome (GO:0003735). KEGG results indicated that enrichment was concentrated in neurological diseases and viral infection-related diseases.

细胞成分主要集中在线粒体内膜（GO:0005743）或含线粒体蛋白的复合物（GO:0098798）中。分子功能主要集中在核糖体的结构成分中（GO:0003735）。KEGG结果表明，富集集中在神经系统疾病和病毒感染相关疾病中。

It mainly included Pathways of neurodegeneration - multiple diseases, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, Huntington’s disease, Prion disease, Coronavirus disease, and Viral life cycle - HIV-1(Fig. .

它主要包括神经退行性疾病的途径-多发性疾病，肌萎缩侧索硬化症，阿尔茨海默病，亨廷顿病，朊病毒病，冠状病毒病和病毒生命周期-HIV-1（图。

D).

D）。

Gene clustering and m7G score clustering

基因聚类和m7G评分聚类

The patients of herpes zoster were re-divided into 2 groups according to the expression of 301 DEGs (Fig.

根据301 DEGs的表达将带状疱疹患者重新分为2组（图）。

A). The 301 DEGs will be elaborated upon in Supplementary Table

A）。301度将在补充表中详细说明

. We refer to these two groups of patients as gene cluster A and gene cluster A, respectively. Heat maps show all gene expression characteristics of patients in both groups (Fig.

。我们将这两组患者分别称为基因簇A和基因簇A。热图显示了两组患者的所有基因表达特征（图）。

B). The expression of AGO2 was significantly higher in gene cluster A than in B (Fig.

B）。AGO2在基因簇A中的表达显着高于B（图）。

C). The infiltration abundance of activated B cells, activated CD4 + T cell, and activated CD8 + T cell in gene cluster A was significantly lower than in cluster B (Fig.

C）。。

D). These results are consistent with previous findings that AGO2 was negatively correlated with activated CD4 + T cell, and activated CD8 + T cell.

D）。这些结果与先前的发现一致，即AGO2与活化的CD4++T细胞和活化的CD8++T细胞呈负相关。

Fig. 3

图3

(

) Patients were categorized into two gene clusters (

)患者被分为两个基因簇(

and

和

B类

) based on 301 DEGs expression. (

)基于301 DEGs表达式。（笑声）(

B类

) Heat map of gene expression from herpes zoster patients in gene clusters A and B. (

)基因簇A和B中带状疱疹患者基因表达的热图(

C级

) AGO2 expression is higher in cluster A than in cluster B. (

)簇A中的AGO2表达高于簇B中的AGO2表达(

) Lower infiltration of activated B cells, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells in cluster A versus B. The m7G-score distribution of patients showed that gene cluster B or m7G cluster B had lower scores than cluster A (

)A组与B组中活化的B细胞，CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞的浸润较低。患者的m7G评分分布显示基因簇B或m7G簇B的评分低于A组(

F级

). (

克

) Patients divided into high and low m7G-score groups show mostly consistent positioning in subtypes.

)。

Full size image

全尺寸图像

The concept of m7G-score has also been developed, based on a comprehensive assessment of the expression of m7G genes in herpes zoster patients. Then the m7G-score was assigned to each patient based on the analysis. Compared to gene/m7G cluster A, gene/m7G cluster B had a lower m7G score (Fig.

基于对带状疱疹患者中m7G基因表达的综合评估，还开发了m7G评分的概念。然后根据分析将m7G评分分配给每位患者。与基因/m7G簇A相比，基因/m7G簇B具有较低的m7G评分（图）。

E and F).

E和F）。

According to the m7G score of each herpes zoster patient, we divided them into high and low m7G score groups in turn. In addition, we compared the positioning of everyone in three subtypes. The result shows that the group coincidence is well (Fig.

根据每位带状疱疹患者的m7G评分，我们将他们依次分为高m7G评分组和低m7G评分组。此外，我们比较了每个人在三种亚型中的定位。结果表明，群体符合良好（图）。

G).

G）。

Establish a prediction model for herpes zoster

带状疱疹预测模型的建立

Subsequently, we used machine learning methods to screen out disease characteristic genes associated with herpes zoster. First, we applied two machine models, random forest (RF) model, and support vector machine (SVM) model, for comparison. By comparing residual, reverse cumulative distribution of residual and AUC values, we finally selected the RF model for screening herpes zoster-associated genes (Fig. .

随后，我们使用机器学习方法筛选出与带状疱疹相关的疾病特征基因。首先，我们应用了两种机器模型，随机森林（RF）模型和支持向量机（SVM）模型进行比较。通过比较残差和AUC值的残差，反向累积分布，我们最终选择了RF模型来筛选带状疱疹相关基因（图）。

A-C). The error of the RF model is minimal when the option Trees are 21(Fig.

。当选项树为21时，RF模型的误差最小（图）。

D).

D）。

Fig. 4

图4

Comparison of machine models. The residual (

机器型号的比较。剩余(

), reverse cumulative distribution of residual (

)(

B类

), and AUC (

)和AUC(

C级

) of RF are better than SVM algorithm, suggesting that RF is more suitable for gene screening. (

)RF优于SVM算法，表明RF更适合基因筛选。（笑声）(

) Optimal tree number for RF model, with minimal error at 21 trees for gene screening.

)RF模型的最佳树数，在21棵树上进行基因筛选的误差最小。

Full size image

全尺寸图像

According to the RF model, we selected genes with importance scores greater than 10, including NSUN2, SNUPN, and AGO2 (Fig.

根据RF模型，我们选择了重要性得分大于10的基因，包括NSUN2、SNUPN和AGO2（图）。

A). Next, we used these three genes to construct a nomogram for risk prediction of herpes zoster (Fig.

A）。接下来，我们使用这三个基因构建了用于带状疱疹风险预测的列线图（图）。

B). The nomogram presented here is a graphical tool designed to estimate the risk of developing herpes zoster based on the expression levels of three key genes: AGO2, NSUN2, and SNUPN. In interpreting the nomogram for herpes zoster risk, the first step is to locate the patient’s AGO2 expression score on the AGO2 axis and note the corresponding points.

B）。这里提供的列线图是一种图形工具，旨在根据三个关键基因AGO2，NSUN2和SNUPN的表达水平来估计患带状疱疹的风险。在解释带状疱疹风险的列线图时，第一步是将患者的AGO2表达评分定位在AGO2轴上，并注意相应的点。

Next, repeat the same process for NSUN2 and SNUPN on their respective axes, recording the points for each gene’s expression. Then, sum the points obtained from all three genes to calculate the total score. Finally, find the total score on the Risk scale to determine the estimated risk of herpes zoster for the patient.

接下来，在各自的轴上对NSUN2和SNUPN重复相同的过程，记录每个基因表达的点。然后，将从所有三个基因获得的分数相加以计算总分。最后，找到风险量表的总分，以确定患者带状疱疹的估计风险。

The validity of the model is also verified. Firstly, the model is well-calibrated (Fig. .

模型的有效性也得到了验证。首先，模型得到了很好的校准（图）。

C). Second, the model has a better net benefit in DCA (Fig.

C）。其次，该模型在DCA中具有更好的净效益（图）。

D). The predicted high-risk group of herpes zoster had a good coincidence with the actual high-risk group (Fig.

D）。预测的带状疱疹高危人群与实际高危人群有很好的一致性（图）。

E).

E）。

Fig. 5

图5

Establish and validate the nomogram model. (

建立并验证列线图模型。（笑声）(

) Key genes identified by RF model. Genes with importance scores > 10, such as NSUN2, SNUPN, and AGO2, are highlighted. (

)通过RF模型鉴定的关键基因。重要性得分>10的基因，突出显示了NSUN2，SNUPN和AGO2等。（笑声）(

B类

) Nomogram for herpes zoster risk prediction using the selected genes. (

)使用所选基因预测带状疱疹风险的列线图。（笑声）(

C级

) Model calibration curve, confirming the model’s predictive accuracy. (

)模型校准曲线，确认模型的预测准确性。（笑声）(

) DCA showing the model’s net benefit in risk assessment. (

)DCA显示了模型在风险评估中的净收益。（笑声）(

) Correlation between predicted and actual high-risk groups, indicating good agreement.

)预测和实际高危人群之间的相关性，表明一致性良好。

Full size image

全尺寸图像

Discussion

讨论

Both primary chickenpox and reactivated HZ occur in susceptible individuals. In immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and healthy adults, it can cause serious illness and even be fatal. VZV enters the innervated dermatome from the axon when reactivated, leading to HZ. By identifying the genetic basis for differences in disease susceptibility among individuals, it is helpful to understand how gene-environment interactions affect infection outcomes..

原发性水痘和重新激活的HZ都发生在易感个体中。在免疫功能低下的个体、孕妇和健康成年人中，它可能导致严重疾病，甚至致命。VZV在重新激活时从轴突进入神经支配的皮肤组，导致HZ。通过确定个体之间疾病易感性差异的遗传基础，有助于了解基因-环境相互作用如何影响感染结果。。

We found that three genes were differentially expressed in patients with HZ, namely NSUN2, AGO2, and SNUPN. Based on m7G clusters, it can distinguish disease subgroups well. SNUPN and AGO2 were significantly downregulated in this study. At present, many studies have found that AGO2 is closely related to viral replication and translation.

我们发现HZ患者中有三个基因差异表达，即NSUN2，AGO2和SNUPN。基于m7G聚类，它可以很好地区分疾病亚组。在这项研究中，SNUPN和AGO2显着下调。目前，许多研究发现AGO2与病毒复制和翻译密切相关。

Viruses such as Hepatitis C Virus and Seneca Virus A are affected by AGO2 during replication and translation.

丙型肝炎病毒和塞内卡病毒A等病毒在复制和翻译过程中受到AGO2的影响。

. Enterovirus 71 replication and translation are stimulated by AGO2, which binds to its internal ribosome entry site

肠道病毒71型的复制和翻译受到AGO2的刺激，AGO2与其内部核糖体进入位点结合

. AGO2 not only colocates with HBcAg and HBsAg, but also affects the production of HBV DNA and HBsAg

AGO2不仅与HBcAg和HBsAg共结合，而且影响HBV DNA和HBsAg的产生

. An antiviral RNA interference pathway mediated by RDE-1/AGO2 is associated with endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis

由RDE-1/AGO2介导的抗病毒RNA干扰途径与内质网稳态有关

. Whether AGO2 is also related to the replication of VZV is worth further investigation. In previous studies, CD4 + T cells decreased, CD8 + T cells increased, Th1/Th2 ratio decreased and Th17/Treg ratios increased in herpes zoster

AGO2是否也与VZV的复制有关值得进一步研究。在以前的研究中，带状疱疹中CD4++T细胞减少，CD8++T细胞增加，Th1/Th2比值降低，Th17/Treg比值增加

. However, in this study, the AGO2 gene was also found to be negatively correlated with many immune genes, including CD8 + T cells and CD4 + T cells. The changing trend of T cells is affected by many factors, so the specific mechanism needs to be verified experimentally. Furthermore, T cells lacking AGO2 tend to induce more lineage-specific cytokines, induce an increase in IFN-γ, and show no particular predisposition to Th1 and Th2 differentiation.

然而，在这项研究中，AGO2基因也被发现与许多免疫基因呈负相关，包括CD8+T细胞和CD4+T细胞。T细胞的变化趋势受许多因素影响，因此具体机制需要通过实验验证。此外，缺乏AGO2的T细胞倾向于诱导更多谱系特异性细胞因子，诱导IFN-γ的增加，并且对Th1和Th2分化没有特别的易感性。

A majority of the enrichment was found in viral infection-related and neurological diseases, according to the KEGG results. Although the specific signaling mechanism is not directly stated, this suggests that m7G may have a significant role in VZV infection.

根据KEGG的结果，大多数富集是在病毒感染相关和神经系统疾病中发现的。尽管没有直接说明具体的信号传导机制，但这表明m7G可能在VZV感染中起重要作用。

Previous studies have established some nomogram models associated with HZ, but most have been based on clinical indicators (age, VAS, site of involvement, etc.), in addition to focusing on predicting limb weakness or motor dysfunction after HZ

先前的研究已经建立了一些与HZ相关的列线图模型，但大多数都是基于临床指标（年龄、VAS、受累部位等），此外还侧重于预测HZ后的肢体无力或运动功能障碍

. However, no predictive models based on m7G-related genes have been found to predict the risk of HZ. The nomogram model constructed by the three m7G genes was also a good predictor of disease risk. The model has been verified by many parties and the prediction ability of the model is satisfactory. Unfortunately, there is no way to predict a specific disease phenotype.

然而，尚未发现基于m7G相关基因的预测模型来预测HZ的风险。由三个m7G基因构建的列线图模型也是疾病风险的良好预测指标。该模型已被多方验证，预测能力令人满意。不幸的是，没有办法预测特定的疾病表型。

The manifestations of VZV infection vary from individual to individual, and the susceptibility and pathogenesis are not fully understood. It is worth noting that postherpetic neuralgia is the most common sequelae of HZ, and the incidence of this pain lasting more than 1 month is about 40.2%, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients.

VZV感染的表现因人而异，其易感性和发病机制尚不完全清楚。值得注意的是，带状疱疹后神经痛是HZ最常见的后遗症，持续1个月以上的疼痛发生率约为40.2%，严重影响患者的生活质量。

There are still some shortcomings in this study. Firstly, transcriptome-based data is a good way to find host genetic characteristics, but lack of clinical data, it is impossible to correlate transcriptome-based analysis with clinical characteristics. We hope to explore the correlation between the expression levels of m7G-related genes and various clinical parameters, such as disease severity, duration of symptoms, and frequency of outbreaks.

这项研究仍然存在一些缺点。首先，基于转录组的数据是发现宿主遗传特征的好方法，但由于缺乏临床数据，因此不可能将基于转录组的分析与临床特征相关联。我们希望探索m7G相关基因的表达水平与各种临床参数之间的相关性，例如疾病严重程度，症状持续时间和爆发频率。

Concurrently, the current study has identified certain m7G-related genes that show significant differential expression between herpes zoster patients and healthy controls. We aim to determine whether these genes can serve as biomarkers for disease progression or response to treatment. The recommendations for future research that would translate these findings into clinical practice include, of course, the need for larger patient cohorts and longitudinal studies to validate the predictive and prognostic value of the identified genes.

同时，目前的研究已经确定了某些m7G相关基因，这些基因在带状疱疹患者和健康对照之间显示出显着的差异表达。我们的目标是确定这些基因是否可以作为疾病进展或治疗反应的生物标志物。将这些发现转化为临床实践的未来研究建议当然包括需要更大的患者队列和纵向研究来验证已鉴定基因的预测和预后价值。

Secondly, it is suggested to expand the sample size and multi-center clinical samples to continue to verify our conclusions. Finally, the mechanism of m7G modification in the pathogenesis of HZ needs to be further verified in vivo and in vitro trials..

。最后，m7G修饰在HZ发病机制中的机制需要在体内和体外试验中进一步验证。。

In conclusion, disease risk models based on NSUN2, AGO2, and SNUPN can predict the onset of HZ. m7G-related genes can be used to classify HZ patients into disease subgroups. This will help further explore the relationship between m7G and other phenotypes of HZ. Moreover, these three m7G-related genes are closely related to immune infiltration, which may affect the prognosis of herpes zoster..

总之，基于NSUN2，AGO2和SNUPN的疾病风险模型可以预测HZ的发作。m7G相关基因可用于将HZ患者分为疾病亚组。这将有助于进一步探索m7G与HZ其他表型之间的关系。此外，这三个m7G相关基因与免疫浸润密切相关，可能影响带状疱疹的预后。。

Data availability

数据可用性

All the data in this study can be obtained in the GSE242252 dataset at https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE242nnn/GSE242252/matrix/.

这项研究中的所有数据都可以在GSE242252数据集中获得https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE242nnn/GSE242252/matrix/.

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Zhu, Q. et al. Epidemiology of herpes zoster among adults aged 50 and above in Guangdong, China.

朱，Q。等。中国广东省50岁及以上成人带状疱疹流行病学。

Hum. Vaccines Immunother.

嗯。疫苗免疫疗法。

, 2113–2118.

https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1016672

(2015).

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Acknowledgements

致谢

Not applicable.

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Funding

资金

This study was funded by Joint Funds for the innovation of science and Technology, Fujian province (Grant Number: 2023Y9160) and Startup Fund for scientific research, Fujian Medical University (Grant Number: 2023QH1025).

本研究由福建省科技创新联合基金（批准号：2023Y9160）和福建医科大学科研启动基金（批准号：2023QH1025）资助。

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Author notes

作者笔记

Lingling Lu and Fangze Cai contributed equally to this work.

。

Authors and Affiliations

作者和隶属关系

Department of Infectious Disease, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China

福建医科大学附属协和医院传染病科，福建省福州市鼓楼区新泉路29号，350001

Lingling Lu & Fangze Cai

卢玲玲和蔡方泽

Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China

福建医科大学附属协和医院心内科，福建省福州市鼓楼区新泉路29号，350001

Yukun Luo

刘玉昆

Department of Emergency, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China

福建医科大学附属协和医院急诊科，福建省福州市鼓楼区新泉路29号，350001

Yukun Luo

刘玉昆

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Lingling Lu

玲玲路

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Fangze Cai

蔡方泽

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Yukun Luo

罗玉坤

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Contributions

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Study design and concept (All), acquisition of data (Lingling Lu and Fangze Cai), data interpretation and analysis (Lingling Lu and Fangze Cai), drafting of the manuscript (Lingling Lu and Fangze Cai), critical revision of the manuscript (All). All authors contributed to the study supervision, read, and approved the final version of this manuscript..

研究设计和概念（All），数据采集（陆玲玲和蔡方泽），数据解释和分析（陆玲玲和蔡方泽），手稿起草（陆玲玲和蔡方泽），手稿批判性修订（All）。所有作者都为研究监督做出了贡献，阅读并批准了本手稿的最终版本。。

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Yukun Luo

罗玉坤

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Competing interests

相互竞争的利益

The authors declare no competing interests.

作者声明没有利益冲突。

Ethical approval and consent to participate

道德认可和参与同意

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital and carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. All the data are obtained from the GEO databases so that informed consent can be guaranteed.

这项研究得到了福建医科大学附属协和医院伦理委员会的批准，并根据《赫尔辛基宣言》进行。所有数据均来自GEO数据库，因此可以保证知情同意。

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Lu, L., Cai, F. & Luo, Y. m7G gene expression and disease risk model construction in patients with herpes zoster.

Lu，L.，Cai，F。＆Luo，Y。m7G基因表达与带状疱疹患者疾病风险模型的构建。

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