Ruth Jones, immunization nurse, holds a Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (brand name: Comirnaty) at Borinquen Health Care Center in Miami, Florida, on May 29, 2025.

2025年5月29日，免疫接种护士露丝·琼斯在佛罗里达州迈阿密的博林肯医疗中心手持辉瑞-BioNTech新冠疫苗（品牌名称：Comirnaty）。

Joe Raedle | Getty Images

乔·雷德尔 | 盖蒂图片社

Covid shot access

新冠疫苗接种机会

and coverage in the U.S. hang in the balance as an influential government

美国的覆盖范围也悬而未决，因为一个有影响力的政府

vaccine panel hand-picked

疫苗小组精心挑选

by Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. convenes this week in Atlanta.

本周，卫生与公共服务部长罗伯特·F·肯尼迪 Jr. 在亚特兰大召开会议。

The panel, called the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, or ACIP, is scheduled to vote on recommendations for Covid jabs and childhood immunizations for hepatitis B and measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella, or MMRV. Kennedy has gutted and restacked that committee with new members, some of whom are vaccine critics, raising concerns that they could soften, .

该委员会名为免疫实践咨询委员会 (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices，简称ACIP)，计划就新冠疫苗接种以及针对乙型肝炎、麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘（MMRV）的儿童免疫接种建议进行投票。肯尼迪已经对该委员会进行了大换岗，引入了新成员，其中一些人是疫苗批评者，这引发了人们对其可能软化建议的担忧。

delay

延迟

or fully eliminate recommendations for routine shots proven to be safe and effective.

或完全取消对被证明安全有效的常规疫苗的建议。

The panel is expected to vote on the hepatitis B and MMRV shot on Thursday, and Covid vaccines on Friday. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, whose latest director was ousted by the Trump administration earlier this month, typically adopts the panel's recommendations.

预计该小组将在周四对乙型肝炎和MMRV疫苗进行投票，并在周五对新冠疫苗进行投票。美国疾病控制与预防中心通常会采纳该小组的建议，而其最新任主任本月初被特朗普政府开除。

Some public health experts warn that weakening recommendations for Covid vaccines and other shots could make it harder for some people — especially healthy adults and children, along with those in rural areas — to access the jabs and have them covered by insurance.

一些公共卫生专家警告说，削弱对新冠疫苗和其他疫苗的建议可能会使某些人群——尤其是健康成人和儿童，以及居住在农村地区的人们——更难获得这些疫苗，并且难以通过保险覆盖接种费用。

One major health insurance group on Wednesday said its member

周三，一家主要的健康保险集团表示其成员

plans will cover all vaccines

计划将覆盖所有疫苗

already recommended by ACIP, including updated Covid and flu shots, despite any changes the new slate of appointees makes this week.

已经被ACIP推荐，包括更新的新冠和流感疫苗，无论本周新任命的成员做出任何改变。

Still, any further restrictions on shots by ACIP could have trickle-down effects, further depressing already declining immunization rates for vaccine-preventable diseases and raising the risk of outbreaks.

然而，ACIP 对疫苗接种的任何进一步限制都可能产生连锁反应，进一步压低本已下降的可预防疾病的免疫接种率，并增加爆发的风险。

'There's a pretty good likelihood that the decisions coming out of this meeting will further restrict vaccinations or at a minimum, limit or add confusion to the scope of vaccination coverage at a time when we really need to be doing everything possible to make them as widely available as possible,' Neil Maniar, a public health professor at Northeastern University, told CNBC.

“这次会议作出的决定很可能会进一步限制疫苗接种，或者至少会限制或增加对疫苗覆盖范围的困惑，而此时我们真的需要尽一切可能让疫苗尽可能广泛地提供，”东北大学公共卫生教授尼尔·马尼亚尔告诉CNBC。

'There's a lot of concern that we could see unnecessary outbreaks of diseases.'.

“人们非常担心我们会看到不必要的疾病爆发。”

Maniar said the votes are especially critical heading into the fall and winter season, when diseases, particularly respiratory viruses like Covid, spread more easily.

马尼阿尔表示，这些投票在进入秋冬季节时尤为关键，因为在这个时候，疾病特别是像新冠这样的呼吸道病毒更容易传播。

The panel's guidance determines which shots insurance plans and some government-run programs must cover at no cost to patients. In some states, pharmacists are also legally barred from administering vaccines that ACIP does not recommend.

该小组的指导意见决定了哪些疫苗保险计划和一些政府运行的项目必须免费向患者提供。在某些州，药剂师也被法律禁止接种ACIP不推荐的疫苗。

If ACIP votes to further restrict shot access, it could normalize policy decisions not grounded in science and further confuse Americans following Kennedy's

如果 ACIP 投票进一步限制接种机会，这可能会使不基于科学的政策决策正常化，并进一步混淆跟随肯尼迪的美国人。

other recent moves to change U.S. vaccine policy

其他近期改变美国疫苗政策的举措

. Those include the CDC's decision to drop Covid shot recommendations for healthy kids and pregnant women, and the Food and Drug Administration's approval of new Covid jabs with limits on who can get them.

其中包括CDC决定不再建议健康儿童和孕妇接种新冠疫苗，以及FDA批准新的新冠疫苗注射，但对接种人群设限。

The FDA's approval already created confusion leading up to the panel's meeting this week, as some states are requiring that patients have prescriptions to receive a Covid vaccine.

FDA的批准已经导致了混乱，因为一些州要求患者必须有处方才能接种新冠疫苗，这一直持续到本周的小组会议。

Numerous studies have demonstrated that shots using mRNA technology, including Covid vaccines from

许多研究表明，使用mRNA技术的疫苗，包括新冠疫苗，都表明

Pfizer

辉瑞

and

和

Moderna

莫德纳

, are safe and effective, and serious side effects have happened in extremely rare cases.

，是安全有效的，严重副作用在极少数情况下才会发生。

One paper in August

八月的一篇论文

estimates that Covid vaccines saved more than 2 million lives, mostly among older adults, worldwide between 2020 and October 2024.

估计在2020年至2024年10月期间，新冠疫苗拯救了全球超过200万人的生命，其中大部分是老年人。

'To turn around and claim, well, after five years of all of us getting the vaccines and having them save millions of lives all over the world, the shots are no longer safe and effective – it does lead to confusion and uncertainty,' said Dr. Kawsar Talaat, associate professor of international health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. .

“在我们所有人都接种了五年疫苗、它们拯救了全世界数百万人的生命之后，转过头来宣称这些疫苗不再安全有效，这确实会导致困惑和不确定性，”约翰霍普金斯大学布隆伯格公共卫生学院国际健康副教授考萨尔·塔拉特博士说道。

'People don't know who to trust and who to listen to, and therefore people are less likely to feel comfortable getting the vaccines that could keep them healthy.'

“人们不知道应该信任谁，应该听从谁，因此人们不太可能放心接种可以保持他们健康的疫苗。”

Covid vaccines in focus

聚焦新冠疫苗

Kennedy has insisted that 'anybody' who wants a Covid vaccine can get one, despite several reports and statements from lawmakers describing obstacles. Those hurdles cropped up after the FDA in August approved Covid shots for those 65 and up and younger adults with at least one underlying condition that puts them at higher risk of severe illness from the virus..

肯尼迪坚称，任何想要接种新冠疫苗的人都可以接种，尽管有数篇报道和议员的声明描述了种种障碍。这些障碍是在FDA（美国食品药品监督管理局）八月批准为65岁及以上人群和至少患有一种会增加重症风险的基础疾病的年轻人接种新冠疫苗后出现的。

It was a break from U.S. vaccine policy in previous years, which recommended an annual Covid shot for all Americans 6 months and up.

这打破了美国前几年的疫苗政策，之前建议所有六个月及以上的美国人都应接种年度新冠疫苗。

The CDC panel could tailor its recommendations to the FDA's approval, or further limit their use, given many members are hostile to mRNA shots and vaccines more broadly. One member, Retsef Levi, has pushed to stop giving mRNA vaccines, falsely claiming in a post on X that they cause 'serious harm including death, especially among young people.'.

疾控中心专家组可能会根据FDA的批准情况调整其建议，或者进一步限制其使用，因为许多成员对mRNA疫苗及更广泛的疫苗持敌对态度。其中一名成员雷特瑟夫·莱维曾推动停止接种mRNA疫苗，并在X平台上发帖虚假声称这些疫苗“会造成严重伤害甚至死亡，尤其是在年轻人中”。

It's unclear what exact data will be presented at the meeting on Friday, but some health experts are concerned about whether the presentations will be based on concrete science. One presentation presented to the panel in June included a fabricated citation for a study that does not exist, according to .

目前尚不清楚周五会议上将展示哪些具体数据，但一些健康专家担心这些报告是否基于具体的科学依据。据称，六月提交给专家组的一份报告中包含了一个虚构的、并不存在的研究引用。

multiple reports

多个报告

.

。

'I think it's really important to see who is speaking at the meeting and what their agenda is,' Talaat said. 'There were made-up studies and just falsehoods presented at the last ACIP meeting. I would not be surprised to see similar things at this one.'

“我认为了解谁在会议上发言以及他们的议程是什么真的很重要，”塔拉特说。“上次ACIP会议上有捏造的研究和完全虚假的信息。如果这次会议上出现类似的情况，我不会感到惊讶。”

The Washington Post

华盛顿邮报

reported

报告

Friday that Trump administration health officials plan to link Covid vaccines to the deaths of 25 children in a presentation to ACIP. The claim is expected to be based on reports submitted to the FDA's Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, or VAERS, which collects unverified side effects from shots..

周五，特朗普政府卫生官员计划在向ACIP的演示中将新冠疫苗与25名儿童的死亡联系起来。这一说法预计将基于提交给FDA的疫苗不良事件报告系统（VAERS）的报告，该系统收集的是未经验证的接种后副作用。

Researchers have previously noted an elevated but rare risk of myocarditis, or inflamed heart muscle, in young men in particular. But there is no evidence that the vaccines in use now cause any other major safety risks, including pediatric deaths.

研究人员此前曾注意到，特别是年轻男性出现心肌炎（即心肌发炎）的风险有所增加，但这种情况较为罕见。然而，并没有证据表明目前使用的疫苗会引起包括儿童死亡在内的其他重大安全风险。

Kennedy in September

肯尼迪在九月

argued

争论

that 'there's no clinical data' supporting Covid vaccine recommendations for healthy individuals.

“没有临床数据”支持对健康人群推荐接种新冠疫苗。

Talaat said healthy people are less likely to end up in the hospital from Covid. But she noted they could still develop long Covid or put high-risk people around them – whether that be elderly family members or immunocompromised coworkers – at risk of contracting the virus and developing severe illness. .

塔拉特说，健康的人因新冠住院的可能性较小。但她指出，他们仍然可能患上长期新冠，或者使他们周围的高风险人群——无论是年长的家人还是免疫功能低下的同事——面临感染病毒并发展为重症的风险。

Access could vary by state

访问权限可能因州而异

If ACIP moves to weaken Covid shot recommendations, access could vary by state, according to Talaat.

据塔拉特称，如果 ACIP 削弱对新冠疫苗的建议，各州的疫苗获取情况可能会有所不同。

On Wednesday, the governors of Oregon, Washington, California and Hawaii

周三，俄勒冈州、华盛顿州、加利福尼亚州和夏威夷州的州长

recommended

推荐的

that all adults and children concerned about the respiratory illness season can receive the Covid vaccine and other common immunizations. The

所有关心呼吸道疾病季节的成年人和儿童都可以接种新冠疫苗和其他常见疫苗。

updated guidelines

更新的指南

in those states align with mainstream medical groups and aim to ensure access to shots even as the federal government changes guidelines.

在那些州，它们与主流医疗团体保持一致，旨在确保即使联邦政府更改指导方针，也能获得疫苗接种。

Governors of several Democratic states, including Arizona, Illinois, Maine and North Carolina, have also signed orders intended to ensure most residents can receive Covid vaccines at pharmacies without individual prescriptions.

包括亚利桑那州、伊利诺伊州、缅因州和北卡罗来纳州在内的几个民主党州的州长也签署了命令，旨在确保大多数居民能够在药房无需单独处方即可接种新冠疫苗。

Some states, particularly those led by Republicans, still require a doctor's orders.

一些州，特别是那些由共和党领导的州，仍然需要医生的处方。

Talaat said the people who are 'going to suffer the most' are those who live in rural areas because they may not have easy access to a doctor who can provide a prescription or a pharmacy to receive a shot.

塔拉特说，那些生活在农村地区的人将会遭受最大的痛苦，因为他们可能无法轻易找到可以开处方的医生或可以打针的药房。

But recommendations that further limit Covid shots could also force some children and adults to pay out of pocket for them. Talaat and

但是，进一步限制新冠疫苗的建议也可能迫使一些儿童和成人自费接种。塔拉特和

some estimates

一些估计

said more than half of children in the U.S. are covered by the government-run Vaccines for Children program, which offers recommended shots for free.

表示美国超过一半的儿童都由政府运营的儿童疫苗计划覆盖，该计划免费提供推荐的疫苗注射。

Medicare and Medicaid require that the recommended vaccines are free for patients, while the Affordable Care Act requires private insurers to cover all shots recommended by the panel and the CDC director.

医疗保险和医疗补助要求推荐的疫苗对患者免费，而《平价医疗法案》要求私人保险公司覆盖专家组和CDC主任推荐的所有疫苗。

America's Health Insurance Plans'

美国健康保险计划

pledge

誓言

on Wednesday to cover shots currently recommended by ACIP was significant because of the size of its member plans, which together provide coverage and services to over 200 million Americans. That includes more than a dozen Blue Cross Blue Shield plans, Centene,

周三，为了覆盖目前由ACIP推荐的疫苗，其成员计划的规模之大具有重要意义，这些计划共同为超过2亿美国人提供覆盖和服务。其中包括十多个蓝十字蓝盾计划、Centene等。

CVS

CVS

's Aetna,

's 安泰，

Elevance Health

恒久健康

,

，

Humana

人类的

, Kaiser Permanente,

，凯撒医疗集团，

Molina

莫利纳

, and

，以及

Cigna

信诺

.

。

But the group doesn't cover everyone. For example,

但是该小组并没有覆盖所有人。例如，

UnitedHealthcare

联合健康保险

, the country's largest private health insurer, is not a member of the group.

，该国最大的私人健康保险公司，并非该集团成员。

Hepatitis B, MMRV shots

乙型肝炎、MMRV疫苗

ACIP on Thursday could reconsider a longstanding recommendation to give all newborns a dose of the hepatitis B vaccine within the first 24 hours of life, which the panel first recommended in 1991. Kennedy and anti-vaccine activists have repeatedly questioned that guidance.

周四，ACIP可能重新考虑一项长期的建议，即在新生儿出生后的24小时内接种乙肝疫苗，该小组于1991年首次提出此项建议。肯尼迪和反疫苗活动人士已多次对该指南提出质疑。

But the shot has been a life-saving public health intervention against the disease, which can lead to severe health problems, including liver cancer and failure, and death. Acute hepatitis B infections reported among children and teens dropped by 99% between 1990 and 2019, some

但是，这种疫苗对抗肝炎的疾病是一种挽救生命的公共卫生干预措施，这种疾病可能导致严重的健康问题，包括肝癌、肝功能衰竭甚至死亡。1990年至2019年间，儿童和青少年中报告的急性乙型肝炎感染率下降了99%。

studies

研究

said.

说。

The vaccines are estimated to prevented 38 million deaths among people born between 2000 and 2030 in 98 low and middle-income countries, according to the

据估计，这些疫苗在 98 个低收入和中等收入国家中，预防了 2000 年至 2030 年间出生人群中的 3800 万例死亡。

CDC

疾控中心

. The agency said vaccination within the first day of birth, followed by two-to-three additional doses, protects children for life.

该机构表示，在出生后的第一天接种疫苗，随后再接种两到三剂，可以终生保护儿童。

The panel is expected to vote to

该小组预计将投票

recommend delaying the hepatitis B vaccine

建议推迟乙型肝炎疫苗接种

until age 4, two former senior CDC officials told KFF Health News.

直到4岁，两位前CDC高级官员告诉KFF健康新闻。

Talaat said global rates of hepatitis B in children have fallen thanks to the initial 'birth dose' of the shot. While the U.S. now has low levels of the virus, skipping that dose carries risks: a mother can still pass the infection to her baby at birth, and newborns are far more likely to develop a lifelong, incurable infection..

塔拉特表示，由于疫苗的初始“出生剂量”，儿童乙肝的全球发病率已经下降。虽然美国现在的病毒水平较低，但跳过这一剂量仍有风险：母亲仍可能在分娩时将感染传给婴儿，而新生儿更有可能发展成终生无法治愈的感染。

Meanwhile, ACIP Chair Martin Kulldorff said at the panel's June meeting that it may consider a

同时，ACIP主席马丁·库尔多夫在专家组六月的会议上表示，可能会考虑将一个议题纳入讨论。

proposal to advise

建议提案

against giving a product that combines the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine with the shot against varicella, or chicken pox, to children under 4.

反对给4岁以下儿童接种麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹疫苗与水痘疫苗的联合疫苗。

The CDC currently recommends getting those vaccines separately for those ages 1 to 2, but parents can opt to get them together for children age 4 and above.

目前，CDC建议1到2岁的人群分别接种这些疫苗，但父母可以选择让4岁及以上的儿童同时接种。

Fever-induced seizures tied to the combination shot are common in young children – the CDC estimates the risk is at roughly 5% – but don't cause permanent harm.

发烧引起的癫痫与联合注射有关，在幼儿中很常见——疾病预防控制中心估计风险大约为5%——但不会造成永久性伤害。

Significant changes made to the schedule or availability of MMRV shots could result in increased hesitancy among parents to get their children vaccinated. The U.S. already surpassed

对MMRV疫苗接种时间表或可用性的重大更改，可能导致家长对孩子接种疫苗的犹豫增加。美国已经超过了

a milestone in reported measles cases

报告麻疹病例的一个里程碑

in 2025, as it logged the most cases since the disease was declared eliminated in the U.S.

2025年，美国报告的麻疹病例数达到自该疾病被宣布在美国境内根除以来的最高水平。